肿瘤是细胞异常增殖所形成的细胞群。肿瘤形成后可在原位继续 生长，也可转移进入其它组织器官，而侵袭到其他部位肿瘤的恶性程 度较高。肿瘤细胞持续生长将出现严重的组织损伤和器官衰竭，最后 导致死亡。目前已发现的 200 多种恶性肿瘤几乎涉及了所有类型的细 胞、组织及器官系统

出生缺陷（birth defect）也称为先天畸形（congenital malformation）， 是患儿在出生时即在外形或体内所形成的（非分娩损伤所引起的）可 识别的结构或功能缺陷。出生缺陷的发生原因比较复杂，有些与遗传 因素有关；

第一节 单基因遗传的基本概念和研究方法 第二节 单基因遗传病的基本遗传方式 第三节 影响单基因遗传病发病的因素 第四节 两种单基因性状的伴随遗传问题 第五节 单基因遗传病的复发风险估计

在当前绝大多数遗传疾病和遗传相关性疾病还没有理想的治疗 方法状况下，其诊断（特别是产前诊断和杂合体检出）就显得特别重 要。遗传疾病的诊断是进行遗传疾病预防和治疗的前提，它既有与其 他疾病相同的诊断方法，也有其特殊的诊断方法

一、前言 二、系谱与系谱分析法 三、常染色体显性遗传病的遗传 四、常染色体隐性遗传病的遗传 五、X连锁显性遗传病的遗传 六、X连锁隐性遗传病的遗传Y连锁遗传病的遗传 七、影响单基因遗传病分析的因素

❖ 单基因病的概念 ❖ 系谱常用符号 ❖ 各种单基因病的系谱特征 ❖ AD各种类型的特征 ❖ 影响单基因病发病风险的几个因素 ❖ 单基因病发病风险的估计

single-gene disorder or monogenic disorder Some disorders result when a mutation causes the product of a single gene to be altered or missing. These disorders are inherited in simple patterns similar to or identical with those described by Mendel for certain discrete characteristics in garden peas. Therefore it's also called mendelian diseases

1.Genes can be mutated in many ways The most common gene change involves a single base mismatch--a misspelling--placing the wrong base in the DNA. At other times, a single base may be dropped or added. And sometimes large pieces of DNA are mistakenly repeated or deleted

Some disorders result when a mutation causes the product of a single gene to be altered or missing. These disorders are inherited in simple patterns similar to or identical with those described by Mendel for certain discrete characteristics in garden peas. Therefore, it’s also called Mendelian diseases

Medical Genetics The normal 46 chromosomes in our body are contained in the center of the cell, which is called the nucleus. Mitochondria are structures in the cell located outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm, that also contain genes that are separate from the ones in the nucleus