一、海商法的概念 海商法,英文为Maritime law或 Law of admiralty,前者通常翻译为“海商 法”,后者通常翻译为“海事法”。 “海事”、“海商”的含义:广义上的海事指一切海上事物;狭义海事指船 舶在海上发生的事故。狭义的海商指航海贸易广义的海商还包括船舶在海上 发生的海损事故。两者有重叠之处。谁包括谁呢?

1995年美国保健品比五年前翻 了一翻,达10亿美元,如果再加上 维生素、矿物质等营养素,销售额 达46亿美元。其中最风靡的保健品 是褪黑激素,现名褪黑素

第一节 遗传密码 第二节 蛋白质合成的分子基础 第三节 翻译的步骤 第四节 蛋白质的运输及翻译后修饰

6.1 遗传信息的概念 6.2基因表达调控的理论与模式 6.2.1.2 stringent response control 6.2.1.3 基因表达调控的综合实例 6.2.1.4 Attenuator control CΔ E L.S. — D C B A 0 16.5 6.2.2 post-transcriptional level control 6.2.2.1 pre-RNA processing 6.2.2.2 Anti sense RNA (micRNA) 6.2.2.2 anti-sense RNA control protein translation 6.2.2.3 RNA interference (RNAi )的发现与证实 6.2.2.4 microRNA (miRNA) 6.2.3 Translational level control 6.2.3.1 Operon内各基因以一定比例的协调翻译 6.2.3.2 Modulate—codon usage & tRNA 6.2.3.3 Informasome 6.2.3.4 蛋白质合成的自体调控 6.2.3.5 mRNA 二级结构对翻译的调节 6.2.3.6 可逆性磷酸化对转录与翻译过程的调节 6.2.3.7 mRNA 的结构对翻译水平的调控 6.2.4 Gene expression control 6.2.4.1 蛋白质分泌的信号肽假说 6.2.4.2 protein degradation 6.3 表观遗传及其分子机制 Epigenetic and Molecular Mechanism 6.3.1 ATP－dependent Chromatin remodeling

在前面的学习中，我们已经清楚这样的现象，尽管英汉两种语言属于不同的语系，但就翻译句子来说，有时我们可以把原文的句子结构整个保存下来，或只稍加改变即可，但在不少情况下，则必须将原文的句子结构做较大的改变。 • 今天学习的分句法与合句法就是改变原文句子结构的两种重要方法。 • 分句法是指原文的一个简单句根据译文的表达需要译成两个或两个以上的句子； • 合句法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文之中根据表达的需要用一个简单句来表达

• This chapter is chiefly concerned with the transformation rules between various parts of speech in English-Chinese translation, including the transformation of nouns, verbs, prepositions, adjectives, adverbs in English

• Ⅰ. Reasons • Ⅱ.English passive: • Syntactic passive(结构被动) • Notional passive (意义被动) • E.g. • 1）She dressed beautifully. • (She is dressed beautifully.) • 2 ）These products sell like hot cakes. (These products are sold like hot cakes. ) • Ⅲ. Chinese passive • Marked passive • Unmarked passive • Ⅳ. E-C Translation • 1. E:译为C的主动句或Unmarked passive • 2. E: 译为C的Marked passive • 3. E: 译为C的被动句的转化形式（Chinese passive may be expressed by other structure）

• Ⅰ. Amplification in English-Chinese translation • Amplification means to add necessary words, phrases, clauses or sentences to the translated text in purpose of making it consistent with the target language in meaning, grammar and culture connotation. Amplification does not add new information to the message and only help understand the text. In this part we will analyze how to use amplification to achieve equivalence in English-Chinese translation in these three levels, i.e. syntactic, semantic, and rhetorical. • 1) Her tone was more friendly than David’s (tone). • 2) She sang her sweetest (song). • 3) Shall I write my name on, above or below the line?

• Ⅰ. Nida’s analysis of the process of translation • (1) analysis of the source text • (2) transfer from the source to the target language • (3) restructuring in the target language • (4) testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended（future） audience

Two tendencies often occur in the process of translation. One is going after smooth reading and beautiful language at the expense of the true meaning of the original, the other is rigidly sticking to the original words, and the translation turns out to be obscure [ əb'skjuə ] 难解的,含糊的and hard to understand