14.1 Restricted Least Squares (RLS) 1. OLS and RLS ()Unrestricted least squares(ULS) When using the ordinary least square method(OLS) to estimate the parameters, we do not put any prior constraint() or restriction(s) on the parameters. So we can estimate the parameters without any restrictions. This is ULS

Single equation regression models: -The dependent variable, Y, is expressed as a linear function of one or more explanatory variables, the Xs. Assumption the cause-and-effect relationship, if any, between Y and the Xs is unidirectional: explanatory variables are the cause; the dependent variable is the effect

12.1 The Nature of Autocorrelation 1. Definition (1) CLRM assumption: No autocorrelation exist in dishurbances ui; E(iμi)=0 Autocorrelation means: E(μiμ)≠0 (2) Autocorrelation is usually associated with time series data, but it can also occur in cross-sectional data, which is called spatial correlation

The models we discussed are models that are linear in parameters; variables Y and Xs do not necessarily have to be linear The price elasticity of demand~the log-linear models The rate of growth~semilog model Functional forms of regression models which are linear in parameters, but not necessarily linear in variables:

The Normal Distribution: the distribution of a continuous r.v. whose value depends on a number of factors, yet no single factor dominates the other. 1. Properties of the normal distribution: 1)The normal distribution curve is symmetrical around its mean valueu. 2)The PDF of the distribution is the highest at its mean value but tails off at its extremities

Definition (1) Econometrics: economic measurement. (2) Econometrics: the social science in which the tools of economic theory, mathematics, and statistical inference are applied to the analysis of economic phenomena. (3) Econometrics: the result of a certain outlook on the role of economics, consists of the application of mathematical statistics to economic data to lend

1、OLS估计量的概率分布 B的概率分布 首先,服从正态分布的随机变量的线性组合仍然 服从正态分布。 其次,B分别是的线性组合,因此B的概率分 布取决于随机误差项μ 因此在μ是正态分布的假设下,每一个B也 服从正态分布,其分布特征(密度函数)由其均值和方差唯 一决定

3.1 多元线性回归模型 3.2 回归参数的估计 3.3 参数估计量的性质 3.4 回归方程的显著性检验 3.5 中心化和标准化 3.6 相关阵与偏相关系数 3.7 本章小结与评注

一、真回归和伪回归 二、时间序列平稳性的概念 三、时间序列的单位根检验（DF、ADF检验） 四、单整的概念 五、协整的概念和协整检验 六、误差修正模型 七、EViews应用

• 回归分析概述 • 双变量线性回归模型的参数估计 • 双变量线性回归模型的假设检验 • 双变量线性回归模型的预测 • 实例