15.5 喹啉、异喹啉 15.5.1 结构 15.5.2 性质 15.5.3 制备 15.6 唑 15.6.1 唑的分类和结构 15.6.2 唑的化学性质 15.6.3 唑的合成 15.7 二嗪环系 15.7.1 二嗪的结构 15.7.2 二嗪的化学性质 15.7.3 二嗪的合成 15.8 嘌呤及其衍生物 15.8.1 嘌呤的结构 ●目录 2 15.1 杂环化合物的分类和命名 15.1.1 杂环化合物的分类 15.1.2 杂环化合物的命名 15.2 呋喃、噻吩、吡咯 15.2.1 呋喃、噻吩和吡咯的结 构与芳香性 15.2.2 杂环化合物的分类 15.3 苯并呋喃、苯并噻吩、吲哚 15.3.1 苯并呋喃、苯并噻吩、 吲哚的结构 15.3.2 化学性质 15.4 吡啶 15.4.1 吡啶的结构 15.4.2 吡啶的化学性质

11.1 醛和酮 11.1.1 醛和酮的分类与结构 11.2 醌 11.1.1 醛和酮的分类与结构 醌的结构 分类和命名 一、醛和酮的分类 一、醌的结构、分类和命名 二、苯醌 二、醛和酮的结构 11.1.2 醛和酮的化学性质 三、萘醌 四 蒽醌 一、醛和酮的亲核加成反应 、 二、醛和酮的氧化与还原反应 三、醛和铜的α-H反应 四 α,β-不饱和醛酮的反应 2 五、芳香族醛酮的反应

Functional groups The structural features that make it possible to classify compounds by reactivity are called functional groups. A functional group is a part of a larger molecule and is composed of an atom or a group of atoms that have a characteristic chemical behavior. The Chemistry of every organic molecules

Quinones are an interesting and valuable class of compounds because of their oxidation-reduction, or redox, properties. The redox properties of quinones are important to the functioning of living cells, where compounds called ubiquinones(泛醌) act as biochemical oxidizing agents to mediate the electro-transfer processes involved in energy production

17.1 The Acidity of the α Hydrogens of Carbonyl Compounds: Enolate Anions 17.2 Keto and Enol Tautomers 17.3 Reactions via Enols and Enolate Anions

Aldehydes are named by replacing the terminal –e of the corresponding alkane name with –al. The longest chain selected as the base name must contain the –CHO group, and the –CHO carbon is always numbered as carbon 1

A ring that contains at least one heteroatom (an atom other than carbon) is called a heterocycle, and a substance based on a heterocyclic ring is a heterocyclic compound. Heterocyclic compounds containing N, O or S are by far the most common

A hydrocarbon whose molecules contain two double bonds is called an alkadiene(alkatriene for three double bonds); A hydrocarbon with two triple bonds is called an alkadiyne; A hydrocarbon with a double and triple bond is called an alkenyne

10.3 The Reactions of Alkanes with Halogens 10.3 A Multiple Substitution Reactions Versus Selectivity 10.4 Chlorination of Methane:Mechanism of Reaction

10.7 The Geometry of Alkyl Radicals 10.8 Reactions That Generate Tetrahedral Stereocenters 10.9 Radical Addition to Alkenes: TheAnti-Markovnikov Addition ofHydrogen Bromide