地形图是既表示地物 的平面分布，又表示地貌起 伏的图纸。在测图和用图过 程中经常要使用地形图的比 例尺、地形图的图名、图号 和图廓，各种地物和地貌在 地形图上都按《地形图图式》 规定的符号表示。在工程建 设中应用地形图时，经常遇 到地形图的阅读、从图上量 测点、线的位置、图形的面 积和从图上了解某方向的高 低起伏形态等问题

经线的位验与 经纬仪应满足 的几何条件 本课程需要同学们掌握经纬仪应满足 的几何条件有哪些经纬仪的检验和校 正,重点是经纬仪的检验

坐标正算,就是根据直线的边长、坐标方位角和一个 端点的坐标,计算直线另一个端点的坐标的工作。如图 5.3所示,设直线AB的边长D和一个端点A的坐标X、Y为 已知,则直线另一个端点B的坐标为:

一.天球坐标系空间固定的坐标系,该坐标系与地球自转无关,对描述卫星的运行位置和状态极其方便。 二.地球坐标系 与地球体相固联的坐标系统,该系统对表达地面观测站的位置和处理GPS观测数据尤为方坐标系统是由坐标原点位置、坐标轴指向和尺度所定义的

1卫星在空间绕地球运行时,除了受地球重力场的引 力作用外,还受到太阳、月亮和其它天体的引力影 响,以及太阳光压、大气阻力和地球潮汐力等因素 影响 口若假设地球引力场的影响为1,其它引力场的影响均小于 105

1. Errors related to GPs Satellites 2. Errors related to GPS signal propagation in atmosphere 3. Error related to gPs receivers Gv Principles of the Global Positioning System

1. Basic Knowledge of GPS In 1973, DOd organized a Joint P Office (JPO) located at the U.S. Air Force Systems Command's Space The s Second Lecture Division, Los Angeles Air Force Base(AFB)to what?

Perigee and Apogee: The point of closest approach of the satellite with respect to the earth's center of mass is called perigee and the most distant position is the apogee. Nodes: The intersection between the equatorial and the nit sphere is termed the nodes, where the ascending node defines the northward

1.1 Terminology Definitions 3. Point Positioning ys. Relative positioning The coordinates of a single point are determined when 1. Code Range vs, Carrier Phase Code measurements(meter level) Carrier phase measurements(millimeter range). Single point positioning

This is a Geodetic Control Test Field located at L Radial Surveying( Cartwheel): Madison County, Central Ohio. lial Surveys: one receiver at a fixed 2 Madison County High Altitude Test Range site, and measuring lines from this fixed