Anemia of increased destruction Normochromic, normochromic anemia Shortened RBC survival Reticulocytosis--Response to increased RBC destruction Increased indirect bilirubin Increased LDH

Various causes Graves disease: 85% Autonomous toxic adenomas of the thyroid: Plummer's disease or toxic multinodular

Classification Prerenal ARF Intrinsic renal ARF Postrenal ARF

Water and Sodium Metabolism Control of water excretion Control of sodium excretion Hyponatremia and hypernatremia

Contents Normal anatomy,physiology and metabolism of the kidney Clinical manifestation of renal disease Diagnosis and treatment

Structure Upper Respiratory Tract Lower Respiratory Tract Terminal Respiratory Unite (anatomy ofthe Acinus) Circulation of the Lung

Diagnosis of cardiac and respiratory arrest Traditional methods : 1. Carotid pulse check by lay rescuers 2. Loss of consciousness 3. Pupil dilation 4. Respiratory arrest

Digestive System Can you enjoy your life without your digestive system?

一、概述 二、病因及发病机制 三、临床表现 四、诊断及鉴别诊断 五、治疗及预后

451．Cardiac contractility is influcenced by（ ）：（记忆，难） Ａ preload Ｂ afterload Ｃ heart rate Ｄ cardiac rhythm Ｅ all above is correct