Put-call parity p +spe-ql=c+Xer holds regardless of the assumptions made about the stock price distribution It follows that

A bank has sold for $300,000 a European call option on 100,000 shares of a nondividend paying stock S=49,K=50,=5%,=20% T=20 weeks,μ=13%

Categorization of Stochastic Processes Discrete time; discrete variable Discrete time; continuous variable Continuous time; discrete variable Continuous time; continuous variable Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives,5 th edition2002 by John.hull

A Simple Binomial model A stock price is currently $20 In three months it will be either $22 or

Three Alternative strategies Take a position in the option and the underlying Take a position in 2 or more options of the same type(a spread Combination: Take a position in a mixture of calls puts(A combination)

Types of options A call is an option to buy A put is an option to sell A European option can be exercised only at the end of its life An American option can be exercised at any time

30.2 Big Losses by Financial Institutions Allied Irish Bank($700 million) Barings($1 billion) Chemical Bank($33 million) Daiwa ($1 billion) Kidder Peabody ($350 million) LTCM ($4 billion) Midland Bank ($500 million) National Bank ($130 million) Sumitomo ($2 billion)

一、覺得股市會上漲，但又不願承擔可能巨幅下挫的損失，利用期权可鎖定損失而享有股市上漲的獲利 二、運用期权可享有高槓桿效果，但同時可將風險限制在一定範圍內

一、债券和股票的估价：贴现现金流 二、期权的估价 三、DCF 不适用 四、给定到期日标的资产价格的分布，可以很容易地计算期权在到期日的收益 五、难于估计折现率

第一节 传统资本预算方法 第二节 资本预算方法的比较和选择 第三节 NPV法则的实际运用 第四节 资本预算的风险调整和控制 第一节 净现值法则面临的挑战 第二节 金融期权及其价值评估 第三节 实物期权对资本预算的影响