 Definition of battery  Working mechanism  History of batteries  Technology development  Important types of batteries  Characteristics, Comparisons

• Lithium-metal batteries • Safety problem • Lithium-ion batteries • Components, working mechanism • Cathode materials: LiFePO4 , Li-Mn-O

• Important Terms of batteries • Why lithium batteries? • Necessity, and advantage • Different types of lithium batteries • Primary and secondary/rechargeable • Working mechanism • How they store charges

• Introduction of Tin • Chemistry of Tin • Molecular structure and Li insertion • Synthesis and modification methods • One literature example

• Why safety? • Origins of safety concerns • Thermal runaway process: 3 stages • Materials with improved battery safety • Materials to solve problems in 3 stages

• Why solid-state electrolyte (SSE)? • Requirements of SSE • History and Category of SSE • Examples of SSE in each type

• Introduction of TiO2 • Chemistry of TiO2 • Molecular structure and Li insertion • Synthesis and modification methods • Several literature examples

Section 1 Introduction of energy on the earth Section II Fundamentals of Fuel Cell Chemical power sources Section III Fundamentals of Solar Cell Physical power sources

作为热力学第一定律的应用,以下讨论理想气体在 一些简单的准静态过程中,能量守恒与转化情况 计算各等值过程的热量、功和内能的理论基础

历史上,热力学理论最初是在研究热机工作过 程的基础上发展起来的。 热机发展简介1698年萨维利和1705年纽可门先后 发明了蒸汽机,当时蒸汽机的效率极低,1765年瓦特进 行了重大改进,大大提高了效率。人们一直在为提高 热机的效率而努力,从理论上研究热机效率问题,一方 面指明了提高效率的方向,另一方面也推动了热学理论 的发展