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ADDITION TO THE CARBONYL GROUP Idehydes and ketones contain an acyl group RC-bonded either to hydrogen or to another carbon

the preceding chapter the special stability of benzene was described, along with reac- tions in which an aromatic ring was present as a substituent. In the present chapter we move from considering the aromatic ring as a substituent to studying it as a functional

N ow that we're familiar with the structure and preparation of alkenes, let's look at their chemical reactions. The characteristic reaction of alkenes is addition to the double bond according to the general equation:

this chapter and the next we extend our coverage of conjugated systems to include arenes. Arenes are hydrocarbons based on the benzene ring as a structural unit. Ben- are zene, toluene, and naphthalene, for example, are arenes

he next several chapters deal with the chemistry of various oxygen-containing functional groups. The interplay of these important classes of compounds-alco- hols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and derivatives of carboxylic acids-is fundamental to organic chemistry and biochemistry

A-6.(a) has only sp-hybridized carbon atoms has only sp-hybridized carbon atoms N Bra has only one sp-hybridized carbon atom A-7 A-8. A-9.(a)