6.1. 基本概念 6.2. 原核生物RNA转录的起始 6.3. 真核生物RNA转录的起始 6.4. 转录的延伸 6.5. 转录的终止 6.6. 原核生物转录产物的后加工 6.7. 真核生物转录产物的后加工 6.8. 真核生物转录产物中内元的去除 6.9. 不连续转录和反式拼接

概述——损伤因素及其类型 第一节 复制过程中的错配修复 第二节 损伤修复 第三节 限制和修饰 第四节 突变类型 第五节 回复突变(抑制突变) 第六节 突变剂和突变生成

28.1 Introduction 28.2 Transforming viruses carry oncogenes 28.3 Early genes of DNA transforming viruses have multifunction oncogenes 28.4 Retroviruses activate or incorporate cellular genes 28.5 Retroviral oncogenes have cellular counterparts 28.6 Ras oncogenes can be detected in a transfection assay 28.7 Ras proto-oncogenes can be activated by mutation at specific positions 28.8 Nondefective retroviruses activate proto-oncogenes 28.9 Proto-oncogenes can be activated by translocation 28.10 The Philadelphia translocation generates a new oncogene 28.11 Oncogenes code for components of signal transduction cascades 28.12 Growth factor receptor kinases can be mutated to oncogenes 28.13 Src is the prototype for the proto-oncogenic cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases 28.14 Oncoproteins may regulate gene expression 28.15 RB is a tumor suppressor that controls the cell cycle 28.16 Tumor suppressor p53 suppresses growth or triggers apoptosis

• 第一节 生命有机体 • 第二节 原核生物染色体和基因 • 第三节 真核生物的染色体 • 第四节 真核生物的基因

第一节 遗传物质的本质 第二节 核酸的化学组成 第三节 DNA的二级结构 第四节 DNA的物理化学性质 第五节 超螺旋和拓扑异构

26.1 Introduction 26.2 Carriers and channels form water soluble paths through the membrane 26.3 Ion channels are selective 26.4 Neurotransmitters control channel activity 26.5 G proteins may activate or inhibit target proteins 26.6 G proteins function by dissociation of the trimer 26.7 Growth factor receptors are protein kinases 26.8 Receptors are activated by dimerization 26.9 Receptor kinases activate signal transduction pathways

25.1 Introduction 25.2 Oligosaccharides are added to proteins in the ER and Golgi 25.3 The Golgi stacks are polarized 25.4 Coated vesicles transport both exported and imported proteins 25.5 Different types of coated vesicles exist in each pathway 25.6 Cisternal progression occurs more slowly than vesicle movement 25.7 Vesicles can bud and fuse with membranes 25.8 SNAREs control targeting 25.9 The synapse is a model system for exocytosis 25.10 Protein localization depends on specific signals 25.11 ER proteins are retrieved from the Golgi 25.12 Brefeldin A reveals retrograde transport 25.13 Receptors recycle via endocytosis 25.14 Internalization signals are short and contain tyrosine

24.1 Introduction 24.2 Clonal selection amplifies lymphocytes that respond to individual antigens 24.3 Immunoglobulin genes are assembled from their parts in lymphocytes 24.4 Light chains are assembled by a single recombination 24.5 Heavy chains are assembled by two recombinations 24.6 Recombination generates extensive diversity 24.7 Avian immunoglobulins are assembled from pseudogenes 24.8 Immune recombination uses two types of consensus sequence 24.9 Recombination generates deletions or inversions 24.10 The RAG proteins catalyze breakage and reunion 24.11 Allelic exclusion is triggered by productive rearrangement 24.12 DNA recombination causes class switching 24.13 Early heavy chain expression can be changed by RNA processing 24.14 Somatic mutation generates additional diversity 24.15 B cell development and memory 24.16 T-cell receptors are related to immunoglobulins 24.17 The major histocompatibility locus codes for many genes of the immune system

真核生物的基因组（重点） 真核生物基因表达调控的特点和种类（熟悉） 真核生物DNA水平上的基因表达调控（重点） 真核生物转录水平上的基因表达调控（重点） 真核生物其他水平上的基因表达调控（熟悉）

基因表达调控的基本概念 原核基因调控机制 乳糖操纵子 色氨酸操纵子 其他操纵子 转录后水平上的调控