1.1 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds of carbon 1.3 The structural theory of organic chemistry

1. How to find benzene? 2. Kekule(克库勒）was the first torecognize that these early aromaticcompounds all contain a six-carbonunit

15.1 Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions These reactions are of the general type shown below;

Carbodydrares: polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or substances that hydrolyze to yield polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Monosaccharides: simple carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller simpler carbohydrates

西北农林科技大学：《有机化学》课程教学大纲及日历（双语）Organic Chemistry

STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE OF PHENOLS Phenol: Compounds that have a hydroxyl group directly attached to a benzene ring For example:

Compounds having two carbonyl groups separated by an intervening carbon are called β-dicarbonyl compunds, and these compounds are highly versatile reagents for organic synthesis

（1) Carbon’s ability to form as many as four strong bonds to other carbon atoms and to form strong bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorous. （2) Carbon can make the vast number of different molecules Required for complex living organisms

17.1 The acidity of the α-hydrogens ofcarbonyl compounds: Enolate ions

Except for formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, all aldehydes have a carbonyl group, C=O, bonded on one side to a carbon, and on the other side to a hydrogen. In ketones, the carbonyl group is situated between two carbon atoms