solar energy as the driving force for this global process (Fig. 1). All living organisms also require a source of nitro￾gen, which is necessary for the synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and other compounds. Plants can generally use either ammonia or nitrate as their sole source of ni￾trogen, but vertebrates must obtain nitrogen in the form

G1 RNA structure G2 Transcription in prikaryotes G3 The lac operon G4 The trp operon G5 Transcription in eukaryotes G6 Transcription of protein-coding genes G7 Regulation of transcription by RNA pol II G8 Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA G9 Ribosomal RNA G10 Transfer RNA

Armstrong, R.W., Beau, J. M: Cheon, S H; Christ, H;kaloka,H:Ham,WH.Hawkins,LD; Jir WJ McWhorter, w.w., Jr. Mizuno, M, Nakata, M Stutz, A.E., Talamas, F.X.: Taniguchi, M: Tino J.A., Ueda, K, Uenishi, J, White, J B, Yonaga OH

Six contiguous stereogenic centers. Class of molecules : Steroids. ?Steroids are important biomolecules because of their powerful biological activity

Behavior Modeling Only the functionality of the circuit, no structure No specific hardware intent For the purpose of synthesis, as well as simulation IN1，…，INn IF in1 THEN OUT1，…，OUTn FOR j IN high DOWNTO low LOOP

Types of chemotaxins – C5a attracts neutrophils and monocytes – Made by bacteria Peptide clipped off N-terminus (beginning with N￾formylmethionine) during peptide maturation after protein synthesis

• 引言 • 碳碳双键的不对称催化氢化 • 羰基化合物的还原 • 亚胺的不对称还原 • 不对称氢转移反应 • 不对称氢化制备氟化合物

• 烯丙醇的不对称环氧化(Sharpless环氧化或AE反应) • Sharpless环氧化反应的改良和改进 • 2,3环氧醇的选择性开环 • 内消旋环氧化合物的不对称加成 • 烯烃不对称双羟基化(AD)反应 • 不对称氨基羟基化反应 • 非官能化烯烃的环氧化 • 烯醇盐的氧化-羟基化

引言 反应，碱，手性传递方式 *烷基化反应 环内手性传递，络合环内手性传递 *催化加成反应 醛的加成，ZnR2对酮的加成

1. A brief history of understanding protein metabolism; 2. The studies leading to the deciphering of the genetic codes; 3. The pathway leading to the synthesis of a functional protein; 4. Current understanding on protein targeting and degradation