of the humoral branch of the immune system Research on complement began in the 1890s, when Jules bordet at the institut pasteur in paris showed that sheep antiserum to the bacterium vibrio cholerae caused lysis of the bacteria and that heating the antiserum destroyed its bacteriolytic activity. Surprisingly, the ability to lyse the bacteria was restored to the heated serum by adding fresh serum that contained no antibodies directed a The Functions of Complement

production of plasma cells and memory B cells can be divided into three broad stages: generation of mature, immunocompetent B cells(maturation), activa- Initial Contact between b and T cells tion of mature B cells when they interact with antigen, and differentiation of activated B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells. In many vertebrates, ng humans B-Cell maturation and mice, the bone marrow generates B cells. This process

是发生于组织膜结构和细胞膜上的抗原抗 体反应。其结果导致细胞和组织的破坏,故 又称细胞毒或细胞溶解型超敏反应。 一、发生机制

一、肠杆菌科 共同特性: 1.形态结构:革兰阴性杆菌,多数有周鞭毛和菌 毛。 2.培养特性与生化反应: (1)对营养要求不高 (2)需氧或兼性厌氧 (3)生化反应活泼 3.抗原构造复杂

recognition by most T cells from recognition by B iction. In most cases, both th maturati vation of ma the involver diversity o CD4\ and CD class I MHC Activat Engagement of TcR by Peptide: MHC Initiates interaction of th n antigenic Signal Transduction tide displayed though the sp

the B-cell rec and diffict Interaction of aB TCR with Class II MHC-Peptide Early Studies of the T-Cell Receptor complex cel aB and yo T-Cell Receptors: Structure and Roles ficity. Sec Organization and Rearrangement of TCR Genes gen alone by the major histo T-Cell Receptor Complex: TCR-CD3 erty precludes pur

possesses a tightly linked cluster of genes. the ma jor products play roles in intercellular recognition and in dis on of vesicular Stomatitis Virus Peptide (top) Class I Molecule H-2K General Organization and Inheritance of the MHC MHC Molecules and Genes that Detailed Genomic Map of MHC Genes Cellular Distribution of MHC Molecules antigens of Regulation of MHC Expression implicated MHC and Immune Responsiveness natural killer

lecular association similar to an enzyme-substrate interaction, with an important distinction: it does not lead to an irreversible chemical alteration in either the antibody or the antigen. The association between an anti Fluorescent Antibody Staining Reveals Intracellular body and an antigen involves various noncovalent interac- tions between the antigenic determinant, or epitope, of the ntigen and the variable-region(vH/Vi) domain of the an- a Strength of Antigen-Antibody Interactions tibody molecule, particularly the hypervariable regions

一、免疫器官 1、中枢免疫器官(一级免疫器官): 提供免疫活性细胞 并控制机体的免疫反应 组成: 骨髓、胸腺、腔上襄及襄的类同组织

一、概述 (一)组成:淋巴器官、淋巴组织、免疫细胞、免疫活性分子 (二)功能:免疫防御、免疫监视、免疫稳定 二、免疫细胞 (一)淋巴细胞