Etiology Thrombosis Embolism Vesospasm Expansion of atheroma Extrinsic compression Twisting of the vessels

Arterial hyperemia Inflammatory Collateral Post-ischemic

Autopsy Biopsy Cytology Experimental studies In vitro: Tissue culture Organ culture Cell culture In vivo: Experimental animals Nude mice

Common type of necrosis after exogenous stimuli. Swelling, denaturation and coagulation of proteins Breakdown of cellular organelles Cell rupture

Communicable disease: Pathogen-→body→Infectious disease source of infection Pathogen route of transmission crowd easy to feel

diffuse nontoxic goiter diffuse toxic goiter diabetes mellitus

Lymphohematopoietic system: mveloid tissue lymphoid tissue

第一节 肾小球肾炎 glomerulonephritis 第二节、肾盂肾炎 （pyelonephritis） 第三节 肾和膀胱常见肿瘤

第一节 细胞和组织的适应

Contents Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Tumors of the kidney and bladder