第一节 食品的冷却 第二节 食品的冻结

制冷技术( Refrigerat ion Techno log 是一门研究人工制冷的原理、方法以及如何运用制冷装置获 得低温的科学。 低温是相对于环境温度而言的,从低于环境温度的空间 或物体中吸取热量,并将其转移给环境介质的过程就是制冷 。它是为适应人们对低温的需要而产生和发展起来的

第七章冷藏库 第一节隔热与防潮 第二节冷库热负荷计算 第三节氟制冷系统 第四节氨制冷系统的设计 第五节载冷剂系统设计 第六节装配式冷库 第七节气调冷库 第八节冷库配套设施 第九节冷库的管理

目录 实验一采精 实验二精子活率、密度、畸形率和精液PH值的测定 实验三公畜精液的稀释及低温保 实验四精液的冷冻保存 实验五活体母牛的直肠触诊及直肠握输精 实验六母牛的发情鉴定 实验七妊娠诊断 实验八兔的超数排卵和卵子、胚胎的收集

Microbiology of refrigerated meat There are many pertinent texts on the microbiology of meats. The purpose of this chapter is to examine briefly the types of micro-organisms and con- ditions that are of interest in relation to the refrigeration of meat and meat products. In a perfect world, meat would be completely free of pathogenic(food poisoning

Whilst a number of characteristics affect the overall quality and acceptability of both fresh and frozen meats, tenderness is the major characteristic of eating quality because it determines the ease with which meat can be chewed and swallowed. The tenderness of meat is affected by both chilling/freezing and storage. Under the proper conditions, tenderness is well maintained throughout the chilled/frozen storage life, but improper chilling/freezing can produce severe toughening and meat of poor eating quality

From the moment an animal is slaughtered the meat produced begins to lose weight by evaporation. Under typical commercial distribution condi tions, it has been estimated that lamb and beef lose from 5.5 to 7% by evap- oration between slaughter and retail sale(Malton, 1984). Weight losses from pork are probably of the same magnitude. In addition to the direct loss in saleable meat there are also secondary

leat for industrial processing is usually frozen in the form of carcasses, quarters or boned out primals in 25 kg cartons. Most bulk meat, consumer portions and meat products are frozen in air blast freezers. Some small ind viduals items, for example beefburgers, may be frozen in cryogenic tunnels and a small amount of offal and other meat is frozen in plate freezers. It is not unusual for meat to be frozen twice before it reaches the consumer During industrial processing frozen raw material is often thawed or tem-

Developments in frozen transport in the 19th century established the inter- national food market. In 1877, a cargo of frozen meat was sent from Buenos Aires to France. The following year 5000 frozen mutton carcasses were transported from Paraguay to France. In 1880, the SS Strathleven arrived in London with a cargo of 40 tons of frozen Australian beef, and by 1910

In general, display cabinets have to accommodate three types of meat and meat products: (1)chilled wrapped, (2) chilled unwrapped and (3)frozen wrapped products. The required display life and consequent environmental conditions for wrapped chilled products differ from those for unwrapped products. The desired chilled display life for wrapped meat and meat prod- ucts ranges from a few days to many weeks and is primarily limited by microbiological considerations. Retailers of unwrapped meat and deli