离心沉淀后的 尿液，在光镜下 每高倍视野有红 细胞3个以上

一、保护性反射动作 二、 病理现象

一、喉及喉以下呼吸道任何部位的出血，经口排出 二、与口腔、鼻、咽部出血鉴别 三、上消化道出血引起的呕血鉴别

一、感到空气不足、呼吸费力。 二、呼吸运动用力，重者鼻翼扇动、张口耸肩，甚至出现发绀，呼吸辅助肌也参与活动。 三、伴有呼吸频率、深度与节律的异常

Definition A clinical apparent increase inthe interstitial fluid volume. Distribution: localgeneral Special form: asciteshydrothorax

CONTENT Definition of hematuria Etiology Clinical feature Differential diagnosis Laboratory tests Accompanied symptoms

CONTENT Definition Etiology and clinical appearance Accompanied symptoms Approach to the patient

CONTENT Definition Etiology and clinical appearance Accompanied symptoms Approach to the patient

Concept A protective reflex that can be controlledconsciously Remove excessive secretion & foreignmaterial from the airway Initiated by miscellaneous stimuli or byvoluntary exertion. The most common respiratory symptom

Respiratory Function Test Spirolmetry Airway resistance compliance Diffusion capacity measure CO Exercise respiratory function test