Structure Money equivalent of utility gains to trade Consumer's' surplus Changes in consumer's' surplus Compensating and equivalent variations Producer's' surplus

Structure Describing technologies Production set or technology set Production function Isoquant Marginal product Returns to scale Technical rate of substitution well- behaved technologies Long run and short run

Structure Market equilibrium Quantity tax and equilibrium Tax incidence税收分担) Deadweight loss(额外净损失)

Mission of Economists Gary Becker: believe that the main purpose of economics is to understand and help to alleviate poverty\ Who are the poor? How can one help?

Structure State contingent consumption(依情 形而定的消费) Preferences under uncertainty Attitudes toward risk State-contingent- budget constraint Choice under uncertainty Diversification and risk spreading

Structure Economic profit Short-run- profit maximization -Comparative statics Long- run profit maximization Profit maximization and returns to scale Revealed profit maximization

Information in Competitive Markets In purely competitive markets all agents are fully informed about traded commodities and other aspects of the market. What about markets for medical services, or insurance, or used cars?

Alderfer's ERG Theory Core needs are existence, relatedness and growth Existence- provision of basic material requirements Relatedness-desire for relationships Growth -desire for personal development More than one need can be operative at the same time

Organizational Culture common perception held by the organization's members; a system of shared meaning Innovation and risk taking Attention to detail Outcome, people or team orientation Aggressiveness

A remarkab|efie|d e One of the two leading technologies in structural biolog y Great contributions to biology A special window to the development of modern structural biology and biophysics THNMR YAN