异常分娩 定义 影响分娩的主要因素为产力、产道、胎 儿及精神心理因素,这些因素在分娩过 程中相互影响。任何一个或一个以上因 素发生异常以及四个因素间相互不能适 应,而使分娩进展受到阻碍,称异常分 娩(dystocia),又称为难产

1. Different periods of Female Neonatal period:≤4 weeks childhood: 4 weeks to age of 12 adolescence: menarche age of 12-17 sexual maturity: begain 18. maintains for 30 years Operi-menopausal period: begain 40, maintains for 10-20 years pre-menopause, menopause (last time of menorrhae post-menopause

异常分娩的诊治要点 1产前诊断 2产时诊断 3注重病因学诊断

一、定义分娩及产褥期生殖道受病原体感染,引起的局部或全身的炎症变化 二、产褥病率 puerperal morbidity):分娩24小时后的10天内,用口表每日测量体温4次,2次大于等于38度

General Consideration Definition The separation of the placenta from its site of implantation after 20 weeks of gestation or during the course of delivery Frequency 0.51%0-2.33%(our country) 1%o(other countries) Incidence of fetal death

General Consideration Antenatal cardiovascular changes Blood volume increase by 40%-60%0 Peaking at 32-34 weeks the expansion in plasma volume is greater than that expansion of red cell mass Cardiac output Increase by 40%6-50% Peaking at 20-24 weeks

Definition Abruptio Placentae( placental abruption): premature separation of the normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall

Review: Inverse method逆解法 Select satisfying the compatibility equation 设定中,并满足相容方程V4φ=0(2.12.11) find the stress components by由下式求出应力分量 Txy--02d/ (2.12.10) find the surface force components by 由下式对给定坐标的物体求出面力分量

Section 12.1 Introduction and Assumptions 引言和假定 a plate is a body bounded by two closely spaced parallel planes and one or more prismatical surfaces normal to the planes

2.1 Plane stress and plane strain 平面应力问题与平面应变问题 2.2 Differential equations of equilibrium 平衡微分方程 2.3 Stress at a point. Principal stresses 一点的应力，主应力 2.4 Geometrical equations. Rigid-body displacements 一几何方程，刚体位移 Shear stress trajectories in a cantilever beam 悬臂梁的剪应力轨迹线 2.6 Physical equations. 物理方程 2.7 Boundary conditions 边界条件 2.8 Saint-venant`s principle-1 圣维南原理 2.9 solution of plane problem in terms of displacements 按位移求解平面问题 2.10 solution of plane problem in terms of stresses 按应力求解 2.11 Case of constant body forces 常体力情况 2.12 Airy`s stress function. Inverse method and semi-inverse method 艾瑞应力函数，逆解法，半 逆解法