定义 这种在一定条件下通过分子分母分别求导再 求极限来确定未定式的值的方法称为洛必达法则

金力教授简介 人类分子遗传学家、教育部“长江学者奖励计划”讲座教授、复 旦大学生命科学学院院长。1985年复旦大学生物系遗传专业本科毕业, 1987年复旦大学遗传学专业硕士毕业,1994年获德克萨斯大学遗传学 博士学位,1994年至1996年在美国斯坦福大学医学院从事博士后研究。 曾任德克萨斯大学助理教授、副教授、辛辛那提大学医学院教授。现 兼任中科院-马普计算生物学伙伴研究所所长,国家人类基因组南方

量子力学是研究微观粒子（如电子，原子和分子等）运动规律的学科 量子力学的建立经历了由经典物理学到旧量子论，再由旧量子论到量子力学两个历史发 展阶段

一、结晶：结构单元（原子、分子、离子、链段）三维有序周期性排列 二、处于结晶状态的物质称为晶体 三、结晶单元构成的格子称为晶格

Isomers are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Constitutional isomers are isomers that differ because their atoms are connected in a different order. Stereoisomers differ only in arrangement of their atoms in space.Stereoisomers are not constitutional isomers. Enantiomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperposable mirror images of each other. Diastereomer are stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other

An equimolar mixture of two enantiomers is called a racemic form (either a racemate or a racemic mixture). A racemic form shows no rotation of plane￾polarized light

Before 1951 only relative configurations of chiral molecules were known. Configurations of chiral molecules were related to each other through reactions of known stereochemistry. The standard compound was glyceraldehyde

糖是自然界存在的一大类有机化合物， 由绿色植物经光合作用合成。糖不仅为生物 有机体提供建筑材料（如纤维素）和能量来 源，而且还是高密度的信息载体，起到了重 要的细胞识别功能。糖和蛋白质、核酸、脂 类一起，被称为涉及生命活动本质的重要生 物分子，是维持生命机器正常运转的最根本 的物质基础

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, primary RNA transcripts undergo various alteration or processing events to become mature RNAs: The three commonest types are: 1, nucleotide removal by nucleases; 2, nucleotide addition to the 5’- or 3’-end, 3, nucleotide modification on the base or thesugar

一、 hnRNA 二、 pre-mRNAs 三、 hnRNP 四、 snRNPs 五、pre-mRNA processing The alternative mRNA processing is the conversion of pre-mRNA species into more than one type of mature mRNA