F and partial diploids The F-factor in a Hfr chromosome can excise out to become an autonomously replicating plasmid If a segment of the chromosome becomes part of the F pp lasmid during excision, the new element is called an F plasmid
1. Base(s) in DNA is (are) changed to other(s), or a base(s) is (are) added or removed. 2. Rearrangements of the chromosomes occur and are also considered
These entities encode information essential for the construction and regulation of proteins (such as enzymes) and other molecules that determine the growth and functioning of the organism