The cellular respiration (complete oxidation of fuels) can be divided into three stages Stage I All the fuel molecules are oxidized to generate a common two-carbon unit, acetyl-CoA. Stage II The acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized

8.1 Some Basics 273 quence in the cells DNA. A segment of a DNA molecule 8.2 Nucleic Acid Structure 275 that contains the information required for the synthesis 8.3 Nucleic Acid Chemistry 291 8.4 Other Functions of Nucleotides 300 the only known func- Watson

7.1 Monosaccharides and Disaccharides 239 att 7.2 Polysaccharides 247 mine the intracellular location or metabolic fate of these hybrid molecules, called glycoconjugates. This chap- 7.3 Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins

Assay:化验,分析,测定。 Enzyme activity: unit() is defined as the amount of enzyme which convert 1 micromole (umol) of substrate to product(s) in 1 minute under specified conditions. Specific activity: enzyme activity expressed per unit mass of protein present. (units/mg)

1. Living matter is composed mostly of the lighter elements 1.1 The composition of living matter is strikingly different from that of its physical environment(1810s) 1.2 The elements found in living organisms also exist in nature(especially in seawater and atmosphere)

1. Biomembranes are organized, sheetlike assemblies consisting mainly of proteins and lipids 1.1 The functions carried out by membranes are diverse and indispensable for life. 1.1.1 Biomembranes give cells their individuality by separating them from the environment

1.1 The Definition of Metabolism The highly integrated network of chemical transformations. Degradation (decreasing order, thus energy releasing) to provide energy, catabolism; Synthesis (increasing order, thus energy consuming) to provide building materials, anabolism

一、糖的概念 糖类物质是多羟基(2个或以上)的醛类aldehyde)或酮类(Ketone)化合物,以及它们的衍生物或聚合 物

一、什么是蛋白质? 蛋白质(protein)是由许多氨基酸 amino acids)通过肽键(peptide bond)相连形成的高分子含氮化合物

Outline 5.1 Proteins Linear Polymers of Amino acids 5.2 Architecture 5.3 Many Biological Functions 5.4 May be Conjugated with Other Groups 5.6 Purification 5.7 Primary Structure Determination 5.8 Consider the Nature of Sequences