Biochemistry l Metabolism: The degrada and synthesis of biomolecules by Professor Zengyi Chang(昌增益教授) Tel:6277-2251 E-mail:changzy(@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
Biochemistry II --Metabolism: The degradation and synthesis of biomolecules. by Professor Zengyi Chang (昌增益教授） Tel: 6277-2251 E-mail: changzy@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
1. An Overview of metabolism
1. An Overview of Metabolism
1. I The Definition of metabolism The highly integrated network of chemical transformations Degradation(decreasing order, thus energy releasing) to provide energy, catabolism; Synthesis (increasing order, thus energy consuming) to provide building materials anabolism
1.1 The Definition of Metabolism • The highly integrated network of chemical transformations. • Degradation (decreasing order, thus energy releasing) to provide energy, catabolism; • Synthesis (increasing order, thus energy consuming) to provide building materials, anabolism
Energy-yielding Cell nutrients macromolecules Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Polysaccharides Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids ADP HPOZ NAD The energy supply NADP and demand in Catabolism Anabolism ATP NADH NADPH Heterotrophs Chemical energy the ATP-ADP cycle Energy.poor Precursor end products molecules Amino acids Sugars Fatty acids Nitrogenous ase
The energy supply and demand in Heterotrophs: the ATP-ADP cycle
1.2 The roles of metabolism Extract energy and reducing power from the environment (photosynthesis and oxidative degradation of nutrients) Generation (interconversion) of all the biomolecules(small and large) for a living organism(biosynthesis)
1.2 The Roles of metabolism • Extract energy and reducing power from the environment (photosynthesis and oxidative degradation of nutrients); • Generation (interconversion) of all the biomolecules (small and large) for a living organism (biosynthesis)
1. 3 The General features of metabolism Occurs in linear, branched or circular pathway Highly interconnected("Every road leads to rome) Highly regulated to achieve the best economy Balanced supply and demand) The number of reactions is large(over 1000)and the number of types of reactions is relatively small Well conserved during evolution: reflecting the unity of the life phenomena(" what happens in bacteria happens in human being)
1.3 The General Features of metabolism • Occurs in linear, branched or circular pathways; • Highly interconnected (“Every road leads to Rome”). • Highly regulated to achieve the best economy (“Balanced supply and demand”). • The number of reactions is large (over 1000) and the number of types of reactions is relatively small. • Well conserved during evolution: reflecting the unity of the life phenomena (“what happens in bacteria happens in human being”)
Degradation is convergent Rubber Carotenoid and energy releasing pigments Phospholipids 异戊烯焦磷酸 hoshi Triacylglycerols Fatty acids Vitamin K Alanine Pm乙酰辅酶A Mevalonate alanine Acetate Glycogen Glucose valvate facetvI-CoA) Acetoacetyl-CoA Eicosanoids Serine Leucine (a) Isoleucine Fatty acids Triacylglycerols Citrate 柠檬酸 CDP-diglyceride Phospholipid 草酰乙酸 Oxaloacetate The citric cid cycle Synthesis is divergent and energy consuming co c
Degradation is convergent and energy releasing Synthesis is divergent and energy consuming The citric acid cycle 乙酰辅酶A 草酰乙酸 柠檬酸 异戊烯焦磷酸
group Coenzyme A: the carrier of activated acyl groups NHe H H H CH3 O O ADenine HS-CH2-CH2-NC-CH2-CH2-N-C-C-C-CH2-0-P-0-P-0-CH0 N-N B-Mercapto- O HCHS hylam nine 巯基乙胺 Pantothenic acid 泛酸 Ribose-3-phosphate O OH O=P-0 CHa-C O S-COA 3-Phosphoadenosine diphosphate Acetyl-CoA Coenzyme A Acetyl-CoA: the common degradative product of sugar, fatty acids and many amino acids
Acetyl-CoA: the common degradative product of sugar, fatty acids and many amino acids Coenzyme A: the carrier of activated acyl groups 巯基乙胺 泛酸
Stage I Amino Fatty Acetyl-CoA acids acid Metabolism Glycolysis The economy Pyruvate TThe unit Acetyl-CoA The regulation Acetyl-CoA Mitochondrion Chloroplast Bacterium (E coli) Citric acid cycle Matri Thylakoid Cytosol lumen NADH FADHg (reduced Stage 3 ATP ATP Electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation 2H+3o Respiratory H (electron transfer) 20 Intermembrane ATP Intermembrane ADP+P ATP space Stroma space(periplasm)
Metabolism: The economy The unity The regulation
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