3.3 外消旋体的拆分 3.4 外消旋化与差向异构化 3.5 有机反应中的立体化学 Stereochemistry of Reactions

4.1 卤代烃的分类 结构和命名 Classification, Structure, and Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides 4.2 卤代烃的物理性质 Physical Properties of Alkyl Halides 4.3 卤代烃的化学性质 Chemical properties of Alkyl Halides

1858 ~ 1861, Kekulé, Couper, and Butlerov, laid the basis for one of the most fundamental theories in chemistry: the structural theory. Valence（化合价）: C — tetravalent; O — divalent; H — monovalent

1.12A The Structure of Methane sp3 Hybridization The 4 sp3 orbitals should be oriented at angles of 109.5° with respect to each other. An sp3-Hybridized carbon gives a tetrahedral structure for methane, and with four equivalent C—H bonds

（一）思想渊源 “昔禹之湮洪水，决江河而通四 夷九州也……禹亲自操稾耜（音 si）而九杂天下之川；腓无拔， 胫无毛，沐甚雨，栉（zhi）疾 风，置万国。禹大圣也而形劳天 下也如此。”使后世之墨者，多 以裘褐为衣，以 为服，日夜不 休，以自苦为极，曰：不能如此， 非禹之道也，不足为墨

了解管子生平事迹、 管仲学派形成的历史以及《管子》一 书与管仲学派的关系； 掌握管仲学派以“水”为本原的哲学 思想特色，认识该学派有关“道”、 “气”的论说，掌握其“因应”说， 认识管仲学派对阴阳五行理论的应用 与发挥，分析与掌握“人与天调”的 思想及其科技政策

Carboxylic acids are just one member of a class of acyl derivatives, RCOY, where the acyl group is bonded to an electronegatives substituent -Y that can act as a leaving group in substitution reactions. Numerous acyl derivatives are possible, but we’ll be concerned only with four of the more common ones, in addition to carboxylic acids themselves: acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides

Esters, like aldehydes and ketones, are weakly acidic. When an ester with an alpha hydrogen is treated with one equivalent of a base such as sodium ethoxide, a reversible condensation reaction occurs to yield a β−keto ester product. This reaction between two ester components is known as the Claisen condensation reaction

1. 【学习目的】 2. 了解兵家的思想渊源，认识兵家与道家的关系； 3. 掌握孙武的军事哲学思想；其中包括孙武的“道论”以及“知己知彼”的认识论、军事谋略辩证法；

导论 一、中国哲学与山水性灵 二、中国哲学史的范围和任务 三、中国哲学史研究的方法论 四、中国哲学史的分期与基本特点 五、研究中国哲学史的意义