Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption. Satisfies a want or a need. Includes: –Physical Products –Services –Persons –Places

The Business Market - all the organizations that buy goods and services to use in the production of other products and services that are sold, rented, or supplied to others. Business markets involve many more dollars and items do consumer markets

Step 1. Identifying the Target Audience Step 2. Determining the Communication Objectives Buyer Readiness Stages

A set of interdependent organizations (intermediaries) involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user

Objectives Setting the Price Adapting the Price Initiating & Responding to Price Changes

Any form of nonpersonal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. U.S. advertisers spend in excess of $175 billion each year. Advertising is used by: – Business firms, –Nonprofit organizations, –Professionals

市场渗透: increase sales to present customers with current products. How? Cut prices, increase advertising, get products into more stores. 市场开发: develop new markets with current products. How? Identify new demographic or geographic markets

一间公司的营销环境是该公司行销管理机能以外 的行动者 (Actors) 和力量 (Force) 所构成。 Includes: –Microenvironment -指对企业服务其顾客的能力构 成直接影响的各种力量，包括企业本身及其市场营销 渠道企业、市场、竞争者和各种公众，这些都会影响 企业为其目标市场服务的能力

消费者行为是指消费者为获取、使用、处置消费物 品或服务所采取的各种行动，包括先于且决定这些 行动的决策过程 . 影响消费者行为的个体与心理因素是：需要与动机 ；知觉；学习与记忆；态度；个性、自我概念与生 活方式。这些因素不仅影响和在某种程度上决定消 费者的决策行为，而且它们对外部环境与营销刺激 的影响起放大或抑制作用

Needs -通常是指对人类基本生存条件的满足期望 . i.e.比如人们需要食物、衣着、蔽护所、安全等。 Wants -指满足具体效用的期望. i.e.比如可口可乐、汉堡包、皮鞋、到欧洲旅游等。 . Demands -指满足具有购买能力和购买欲望的现实和潜 在的愿望 . i.e.花费两个月的工资去买一件时装，动用多年 的储蓄购买一套住房等