LARGE-SCALEECOLOGEGEOGRAPHICECOOGIGEOGRAPHICECOLOGY
GEOGRAPHIC ECOLOGY
"Howthe environment influences plant and animal life"GeographicecologyAlexander von Humboldt andAime BonplandJune,5,179912°S----52°N,10,000km,South--North America,5,900m slopesof ChimborazoCharles Darwin:his reading of Humbolt's expedition toSouth America set the course of his whole lifeR.H.MacArthurand E.O.Wilson(1972):searchforpatterns of plant and animal life that can be put on a mapFIGURE19.1OntheslopesofChimborazo,a6.310m highvolcanicpeakintheAndesMounainsofEcuadorAlexandervonHumboldiand AimeBonplandmeticulouslyrecordedthealtitudinaldistributionsofplanrs
“How the environment influences plant and animal life” Geographi cecology Alexander von Humboldt and Aime Bonpland June,5,1799 12ºS-52ºN, 10,000km , South—North America, 5,900m slopes of Chimborazo Charles Darwin:his reading of Humbolt’s expedition to South America set the course of his whole life. R. H. MacArthur and E. O. Wilson(1972): “search for patterns of plant and animal life that can be put on a map
LARGE-SCALEECOLDGEGEOGRAPHICECOGIOn islands and habitat fragments on continents.species richness increases with area and decreasewithisolation
❖ On islands and habitat fragments on continents, species richness increases with area and decrease with isolation
LARGE-SCALEECOLOGEGEOGRAPHICECOOGYNumberof hirdspacas onNumherofcarabiubeetConibbeonislundsishiehespecicsalsoinereasswithareson aur islandson islandkinaSwedish lake10.001.00010100.00010100hanaom1Island srea (ha)Island Area and Species Richness
➢ Island Area and Species Richness
LARGE-SCALEECOLOGGEOGRAPHICECOOGIMarkLomolino et al (1989)Nunbrofmomaemamnalsciesincrcasaastheareaoravsible27Montaneislands:7~10.000km2hshitat increass20saphpeuunys1o31001.000OKAX100.000Monranearea(krn)FIGURE19.3romdniahitarandrupberofmonracmammalspccesoisolutemoreinnaresintheAmcncanothawfelaaTrmToinoBrcndDtsoRgHabitatPatches on Continents:Mountain Islannds
➢ Habitat Patches on Continents: Mountain Islannds Mark Lomolino et al (1989) 27 Montane islands : 7~10,000km2
Ason otherislandsThe lakes of northelWilliamTonnand Magnuson(1982):NakoaearchipelagoofFish.1.300lakes(18),:2.4~89.8ha.Daw3ods0fooeTrout LakeBiological Stati10010Vilas County5kmLake area (ha)WisconsinFUbhoo
William Tonn and Magnuson (1982): Fish , 1,300 lakes(18) , :2.4~89.8ha
Fora given area,islands near New1,000Guinea support more bird speciesthan those farther away.Nearislandsi100Intermediateislands80°Farislands10IslandIsolationandSpeciesRichness262602,60026.000260.000Area (km)FIGURE19.5Distance from New Guinea and birds species richnesson Pacificislands(data fromMacArthurandWilson1963)
➢ Island Isolation and Species Richness
LARGE-SCALEECOLOGIGEOGRAPHICECOLOGTMarkWilliamson(1981)In contrast,distance doesnotThedistantAzoreIslands supportfewerreduce the diversity of ferns andbird speciesthantheChannel Islands,their allies on the Azore Islandswhicharenearthecoastof EuropeoeesoaasChannel Islands100100eoi(near)08Azore IslandsAzore Islands?300Channel IslandsEffectof(far)isolation1010O3006001.000306010031063006001.000306010036101Islandarea(km)Island area (km)FIGURE19.6InfuenceofisolationondiversityofbirdsandfermsandtheiraliesontheChaneland AzoreIslands(data fromWiliamson1981)
Mark Williamson(1981)
Isolation and Habitat Islands on ContinentsNumberofmontanemammalspecies declines withsaaseei15increasingdistancefromsource ofpotential colonists105O30025015050100ZU0ODistancefrom source(km)FIGURE 19.7Distance from large montane areas and number of mon-tane mammal species on isolated mountain ranges of the AmericanSouthwest (data from Lomolino, Brown, and Davis 1989)
•Isolation and Habitat Islands on Continents
LARGE-SCALEECOLDGEGEOGRAPHICECOOGTbeSpeciesrichnessislandsoncanmodeled as a dynamic balancebetweenimmigration and extinction of species
❖ Species richness on islands can be modeled as a dynamic balance between immigration and extinction of species