RCOLOGECONEPTSVDARECAUIONWOUUALISNMUTUALISM
MUTUALISM
MutualismFacultativemutualismObligatemutualismHummingbird and its pollinated plantsMycorrhizaeMicroorganism in a deer stomachA biosphere without mutualism wouldbebiologicallyimpoverishipederpollenfrom
Mutualism Facultative mutualism Obligate mutualism Hummingbird and its pollinated plants Mycorrhizae Microorganism in a deer’ stomach A biosphere without mutualism would be biologically impoverishiped
ROLOGECONCEPTSDARLECAUONWOUUALISNPlants benefitfrom mutualisticpartnerships with a wide variety ofbacteria, fungi,and animals
❖ Plants benefit from mutualistic partnerships with a wide variety of bacteria, fungi, and animals
RCOLOGECONEPTSVDRECUIONWOUUALISNPlant Performance and Mycorrhizal Fungi
➢ Plant Performance and Mycorrhizal Fungi
ROLOGECONCEPTSDRLECUIONWOIUALISN400millionyearsag0,Fungi,, plantVesicular-arbuscularmycorrhizae(VAM)Ectomycorrihizae(ECM)(b)hoaaiaraoae
400 million years ago, Fungi, plant Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae(VAM), Ectomycorrihizae(ECM)
ECOLOGECONCEPTSVDRNCATIONSWOUALISNMycorrhizae and waterbalance of plantsEdieAllenandMichaelAllen(1986)How mycorrhizaeaffect the water relationsmvcorThizieAgropyronsmithii,comparing leafwater potentialsKayHardie(1985),red cloverTrifoliumpratenseeao1WithmycorrhizaeMidday-23WithoutmyconhizaeWithmycorrhizaeMycorrhizac removed0700100013001600ConditionsHoursshalhnroraieupiraloebymddonwrfdatafnm Handie1g85)FIGURE12.3InfluenceofmycorrhizaeanleafwaterpotentialofthegrassAgropyronsmithii (darafrg
• Mycorrhizae and water balance of plants Edie Allen and Michael Allen(1986) How mycorrhizae affect the water relations Agropyron smithii, comparing leaf water potentials Kay Hardie(1985), red clover, Trifolium pratense
NancyJohnson(1993),Andropogongerarditfor lessungi2whether fertilization can selectfor lessmutualisticeSormycorrhizalfungi12,mycorrhizal fungi6, 6 plots.zedsontreatments:None,+P,+N,+N+PExperimentalVetreatmentsMycorrhizal fungiMvcorrhizal funiNo nvcorrhizal fungifromnunfertilizedsoilfron fertilized soilGrowth,root:shootratios,and numberofinflorescencesCompare:produeed bythree treatnments.leong-rermerilieinkNutrientAvailabilityandtheMutualisticBalanceSheei
• Nutrient Availability and the Mutualistic Balance Sheet Nancy Johnson(1993), Andropogon gerardi whether fertilization can select for less mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi. 12, 6, 6 plots, 4 treatments: None, +P, +N, +N+P
WOUALSNROLOGECONCEPTSDARLECAUON(C)(a)Adding nutrients and inoculatingAndropogonwithmycorhizaewith mycorrhizalfungi alsoincreased flowerproductiongrewto a larger size arall four12oaoinutrient levelsPlants with mycorrhizal0Source ofmycorrhizalfungifumgi fromunfertilized6Nonesoilsproduced more8()sUnfertilized soilinflorescences.N6Fertilized soil4Plantsintwogroupsdid not flower.322C+N+P+N+PNone1Nutrients addedFIGURE12.6 Effecrof nurientadditions and myeorhizade onthe0grussAndropogongerardi(datafromJohnson1993).None+P4N+N+P(b)Harvest:5 replicates of eachAdding nutrients andinoculatuingwithmycorrhizal5of the treatments at twofungireduced root:shootratiospoints in time: 4 weeks, 12.543weeks2Plant height, shoot mass.1root mass, inflorescences per0plantNone+P+N+N+P
Harvest: 5 replicates of each of the treatments at two points in time: 4 weeks, 12.5 weeks Plant height, shoot mass, root mass, inflorescences per plant
RCOLOGECONEPTSVDRECAUIONWOUUALISNAntsandBullshorn Acacia
➢ Ants and Bullshorn Acacia
装Janzen (1966)Swollen thorn acacia and antFIGURE12.7Split thorn of a bullshorn acacia, revealing a nest of itsantmutualists
Janzen (1966) Swollen thorn acacia and ant