ECOLOGFGONCEPZSANDAPLLITONSEEPLOITATONFKEDATIONPRSITSMANDDISEASEEXPLOITATION:PREDATION.HERBIVORYPARASITISM.ANDDISEASE
EXPLOITATION: PREDATION, HERBIVORY, PARASITISM, AND DISEASE
HerbivoresPredatorsParasites, parasitoidPathogensTismneepithentescndbdsMerplanlyFIGLRETT.IforhefoitreedscosariecheeolainorthvtnwnerLnenllwvesmaprcynoncmoscconcetpterneerd
Herbivores Predators Parasites, parasitoid Pathogens
ECOLOGFGONCEPTSANDAPLLITONEEPLOITATONFKEDATONPRSITSM Exploitation weaves populations into a webof relationships that defy easy generalization
❖ Exploitation weaves populations into a web of relationships that defy easy generalization
ECOLOGFGONCEPTSANDAPLLITONEEPLOITATONFKEDATIONPRSITSMLake Okeechobee,Floroda.25,000 exploitative interactions in 500speciesExploitation provides the warpandwoof of the tapestry we call nature
Lake Okeechobee, Floroda. 25,000 exploitative interactions in 500 species, Exploitation provides the warp and woof of the tapestry we call nature
ECOLOGFGONCEPZSANDAPLLITONSEEPLOITATONFKEDATIONPRSITSM>Parasites andPathogens That ManipulateHost Behavior
➢Parasites and Pathogens That Manipulate Host Behavior
ECOLOGTGONCEPTSANDAPLLIOTONSEEPLOITATONFKEDATIONPRSITSMParasites that alter thebehavior of their hostAcanthacephalans(spiny-headedworms)Amphipods:the worm make it more likely that infectedone will be eaten by a suitable vertebrate host(ducksbeavers,muskratsnegative phototaxispositivephototaxisA life stage, cystacanth,thatiscapableof infectingthevertebrate host
• Parasites that alter the behavior of their host Acanthacephalans (spiny-headed worms) , Amphipods: the worm make it more likely that infected one will be eaten by a suitable vertebrate host(ducks, beavers, muskrats ). negative phototaxis positive phototaxis A life stage, cystacanth, that is capable of infecting the vertebrate host
Janice Mo0re(1983.1984,)A terrestrial isopod cats1lays cggs within the intestinesthefeces of an infectedeggsofPlagiorhynchus cylindraceus, a acanthacephalanWnehushatchwithina few hours:theydevelop intoamatureArmadillidiumyulgare, a pill buglarvain60-65daysSturnus vulgaris, the European starling1%, 40%3mm,8mmMixed3 months, cystacanth stage.Thematurelarvae of3PlagiorhychusalterisopodO0Less time in sheltered areas, more time in low humiditywanderintheopenenvironments,on light-colored substratesLeavingsheltermakestheisopods more conspicuousandvulnerable to predation bybirds,When eatenbyabird,thematurePlagiorhvnchusattachesto the bird'sintestinal wallFIGURE 11.2The life cyele of Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus,an intestinal parustre ofbinds
Janice Moore(1983,1984,) Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus, a acanthacephalan Armadillidium vulgare, a pill bug Sturnus vulgaris, the European starling 1%, 40% 3mm, 8mm 3 months, cystacanth stage. Mixed. Less time in sheltered areas, more time in low humidity environments, on light-colored substrates
Probablybecause of theirmoreconspicuousbehavior,a higherproportion of isopodsinfectedwith Plagiorhynchus were eaten by starlings80)eee604020OUninfectedInfectedConditionFIGURE 11.3Starling predation on uninfected and infected Armadillidiumvulgare(datafromMoore1984b)
APlantPathogen ThatMimics FlowersPucinia monoica, a rust of fungiYellowleaveArabissppnianocmophoaoydepAsRanunculus sppneaebPue
• A Plant Pathogen That Mimics Flowers Pucinia monoica, a rust of fungi. Arabis spp. Yellow leave Ranunculusspp
ICUREIL.sThe sedofowersformed yArabishoelbliwfrcerdScepieiniThepiedofohersfoeodbianbehoalcaracineroawidewngies Puciniaimonoicassuch as cheonhispolygonia buters