《细胞生物学》课程教学实验指导书 Practical Manual for the Cell Biology Experiments（英文）.doc_大学文库

Laboratory SafetySafety in theLaboratory should always is in your mind.Throughout this manualsafety recommendations are given, below are some general consideration that anyoneina laboratoryshouldknow.Generallaboratorysafetyprecaution.1. Follow all instructions carefully. Use special care when you see the wordCAUTION in your laboratory instructions. Follow the safety instructionsgiven by your teacher.Determine the location of Fire Extinguishers, Chemical safety showers and2.Eyewashers,Chemical Spill Kits,and alternativeexit routesforlabevacuation3. Remember that smoking, eating, or drinking in the lab room is totallyprohibited.4. Wear lab aprons when working with chemicals, hot material, or preservedspecimens.5.Wear safety goggles when using dangerous chemicals, hot liquids, or burners6.Anychemicals spilled on thehands or other parts of theskin should be washedoff immediately with a plenty of running water.If you have an open skin wound, be sure that it is covered with a water proof7.1bandage.8.Never work alone in the laboratory.9. Keep your work area clean & dry.1o.Turn of all electrical equipment, water, and gas when it is not in use,especially at the end of the laboratory period.11. Tie back long hair.12.Report all chemicals spills or fluids to your instructor immediately for properclean up. Specialprecautionsforworkingwithheator fire:I.Neverleave a lightedBunsenburner of hot object unattended.When an objectis removed from the heat & left to cool. it should be placed where it isshielded from contact2.Inflammable liquid bottles should not be left open, not dispensed near a nakedflame, hot electric element orelectric motor.3.Use test tube holders to handle hot laboratory equipments.4.When you are heating something in a container such as a test tube, alwayspoint the open end of the container away from yourself & others.5. Use only Pyrex glasswares for heating.6.Allowhotmaterials to cool before moving them from yourlab station.7.Make sure that Bunsen burner hoses fit tightly.4

4 Laboratory Safety Safety in the Laboratory should always is in your mind. Throughout this manual safety recommendations are given, below are some general consideration that anyone in a laboratory should know. • General laboratory safety precaution. 1. Follow all instructions carefully. Use special care when you see the word CAUTION in your laboratory instructions. Follow the safety instructions given by your teacher. 2. Determine the location of Fire Extinguishers, Chemical safety showers and Eye washers, Chemical Spill Kits, and alternative exit routes for lab evacuation. 3. Remember that smoking, eating, or drinking in the lab room is totally prohibited. 4. Wear lab aprons when working with chemicals, hot material, or preserved specimens. 5. Wear safety goggles when using dangerous chemicals, hot liquids, or burners. 6. Any chemicals spilled on the hands or other parts of the skin should be washed off immediately with a plenty of running water. 7. If you have an open skin wound, be sure that it is covered with a water proof bandage. 8. Never work alone in the laboratory. 9. Keep your work area clean & dry. 10. Turn of all electrical equipment, water, and gas when it is not in use, especially at the end of the laboratory period. 11. Tie back long hair. 12. Report all chemicals spills or fluids to your instructor immediately for proper clean up. • Special precautions for working with heat or fire: 1. Never leave a lighted Bunsen burner of hot object unattended. When an object is removed from the heat & left to cool, it should be placed where it is shielded from contact. 2. Inflammable liquid bottles should not be left open, not dispensed near a naked flame, hot electric element or electric motor. 3. Use test tube holders to handle hot laboratory equipments. 4. When you are heating something in a container such as a test tube, always point the open end of the container away from yourself & others. 5. Use only Pyrex glasswares for heating. 6. Allow hot materials to cool before moving them from your lab station. 7. Make sure that Bunsen burner hoses fit tightly

.Specialprecautionsforworkingwithchemicals1.Never taste or touch substances in the laboratory without specific instructions.2.Never smell substances in thelaboratorywithout specific instructions.3.Use materials only from containers that are properly labeled.4.Washyourhandafterworkingwithchemicals5.Do not add watertoacid.Instead,dilutethe acid by adding it to water.6. Mix heat generating chemicals slowly.Special precautionsfor working with electrical equipment.1.Make sure the area under & around the electrical equipment is dry.2.Never touch electrical equipment with wet hands.3.Make sure the area surrounding the electrical equipment is free of flammablematerials.4.Turn off all power switches before plugging an appliance into an outlet.Special Precaution for working with Glasswares and otherlaboratoryequipments.1.Become familiar with the names and appearance of all the laboratoryequipments you will use.2. Never use broken or chipped glassware.3.Make sure that all glasswares are clean before you using it.4.Do not pick up broken glass with your bare hands. Use a pan and a brush5.If a Mercury thermometer breaks, do not touch the mercury.Notify yourteacherimmediately.6.Do not aim the mirror of your microscope directly at the sun. Direct sun lightcan damage the eyes.7. Use care handling all sharp equipments, such as scalpels and dissectingneedles.Special precautions for working with live or preservedspecimens.1.If live animals areused treat them gently.Follow instructions for their propercare2.Always wash your hands after working with live or preserved organisms.3. Specimens for dissection should be properly mounted and supported. Do nottry to cut a specimen while holding it in the air.4Do not open Petri dishes containing live cultures unless you are directed to doSO.Detergents (detol 5 - 10%) should be used to sterilize and clean benches,5.glassware and equipment.6.Safety cabinet should be used while working with microbes.7.Lab coats should be worn duringthe work in thelab.8.Disposableitems shouldbecollectedandautoclaved5

5 • Special precautions for working with chemicals 1. Never taste or touch substances in the laboratory without specific instructions. 2. Never smell substances in the laboratory without specific instructions. 3. Use materials only from containers that are properly labeled. 4. Wash your hand after working with chemicals. 5. Do not add water to acid. Instead, dilute the acid by adding it to water. 6. Mix heat generating chemicals slowly. • Special precautions for working with electrical equipment. 1. Make sure the area under & around the electrical equipment is dry. 2. Never touch electrical equipment with wet hands. 3. Make sure the area surrounding the electrical equipment is free of flammable materials. 4. Turn off all power switches before plugging an appliance into an outlet. • Special Precaution for working with Glasswares and other laboratory equipments. 1. Become familiar with the names and appearance of all the laboratory equipments you will use. 2. Never use broken or chipped glassware. 3. Make sure that all glasswares are clean before you using it. 4. Do not pick up broken glass with your bare hands. Use a pan and a brush. 5. If a Mercury thermometer breaks, do not touch the mercury. Notify your teacher immediately. 6. Do not aim the mirror of your microscope directly at the sun. Direct sun light can damage the eyes. 7. Use care handling all sharp equipments, such as scalpels and dissecting needles. • Special precautions for working with live or preserved specimens. 1. If live animals are used treat them gently. Follow instructions for their proper care. 2. Always wash your hands after working with live or preserved organisms. 3. Specimens for dissection should be properly mounted and supported. Do not try to cut a specimen while holding it in the air. 4. Do not open Petri dishes containing live cultures unless you are directed to do so. 5. Detergents (detol 5 – 10%) should be used to sterilize and clean benches, glassware and equipment. 6. Safety cabinet should be used while working with microbes. 7. Lab coats should be worn during the work in the lab. 8. Disposable items should be collected and autoclaved

First Aid1. Injuries: bleeding should be reduced using bandages; the wound should becleaned with iodine alcohol mixture, and wrapped with sterile bandage.2.Acid and fireburns:bodyburns mustbewashed immediatelywithtapwater.Eyeburnsmustbewashedusingeyewasher,specialcreamforburnscanbeused.3. Poisoning: if any toxic chemical is swallowed, the mouth must be sensed withwater, in case of acid, milk is drunk, in case of alkaline, diluted acetic acid( vinegar) can be used.4. Skin contamination requires washing with water and removal of contaminatedclothing, if the contaminant is insoluble in waterremove with soap and water.GuidelinesforLaboratoryReportsGeneralinformationEach student is responsible for writing his or her own laboratory report, unlessotherwiseindicatedbythelaboratoryinstructor.ThereportistobeyourownINDIVIDUALresponsibility,andyoushouldsharenothingotherthanyourlabresultswith other students in the lab. Do not look at another student's report as a model foryourownA laboratory report is a scientific discussion of the experiments or observations that youperformed in your laboratory section. It should be written in a very specific and preciseformat as if it were to be submitted for publication in a scientific journal. Thus youshould write it as if your audience were learning about what occurred in the laboratoryfor the first time. DO NOT assume that the reader knows what you mean, and do notuse shortcuts in describing any part of the experiment. You must explain everything indetail. Some portions of a report may require that you report on observ ations, whichmay be best presented using colored pencils to indicate the results in a drawing.Writing styleYour paper must be organized into complete sentences and paragraphs, with eachparagraph beginning with a topic sentence that indicates the content for that paragraph.The paragraphs should be arranged in a logical sequential order that indicates what youdid and how it relates to the topic as a whole. Your report will be read critically forscientific content as well as your ability to express yourself clearly and conciselyRemember that this is a scientific report, in which clarity and organization areimportantcomponents.Be surethatyou includeand discuss onlywhatactually happened,including your exactresults. A scientific report MUST be truthful, even if the results were not thoseexpected.You will have an opportunity todiscuss what was expected and whyyourresults may have deviated from the expected results.You should keep track of what6

6 First Aid 1. Injuries: bleeding should be reduced using bandages; the wound should be cleaned with iodine alcohol mixture, and wrapped with sterile bandage. 2. Acid and fire burns: body burns must be washed immediately with tap water. Eye burns must be washed using eye washer, special cream for burns can be used. 3. Poisoning: if any toxic chemical is swallowed, the mouth must be sensed with water, in case of acid, milk is drunk, in case of alkaline, diluted acetic acid ( vinegar) can be used. 4. Skin contamination requires washing with water and removal of contaminated clothing, if the contaminant is insoluble in water remove with soap and water. Guidelines for Laboratory Reports General information Each student is responsible for writing his or her own laboratory report, unless otherwise indicated by the laboratory instructor. The report is to be your own INDIVIDUAL responsibility, and you should share nothing other than your lab results with other students in the lab. Do not look at another student’s report as a model for your own. A laboratory report is a scientific discussion of the experiments or observations that you performed in your laboratory section. It should be written in a very specific and precise format as if it were to be submitted for publication in a scientific journal. Thus you should write it as if your audience were learning about what occurred in the laboratory for the first time. DO NOT assume that the reader knows what you mean, and do not use shortcuts in describing any part of the experiment. You must explain everything in detail. Some portions of a report may require that you report on observations, which may be best presented using colored pencils to indicate the results in a drawing. Writing style Your paper must be organized into complete sentences and paragraphs, with each paragraph beginning with a topic sentence that indicates the content for that paragraph. The paragraphs should be arranged in a logical sequential order that indicates what you did and how it relates to the topic as a whole. Your report will be read critically for scientific content as well as your ability to express yourself clearly and concisely. Remember that this is a scientific report, in which clarity and organization are important components. Be sure that you include and discuss only what actually happened, including your exact results. A scientific report MUST be truthful, even if the results were not those expected. You will have an opportunity to discuss what was expected and why your results may have deviated from the expected results. You should keep track of what

might have gone wrong so that your discussion will have value if your results areunexpected or different from those of other lab groups in your class.All discussion of what was done in the laboratory experiments must be presented in thepast tense, since you are writing about what occurred at a previous time. The reportshouldbewrittenwithasfewwordsaspossibletokeepit clearand concise.Useactiveverbs to describe what happened, rather than passive.The use of "we" or "" isacceptabletoavoidthepassivevoice,butthesetems shouldbekepttoaminimum.Ifyou must use scientific nomenclature to identify an organism used in the lab, genus andspecies names should be italicized (preferred) or underlinedReportformatThe report will include the following components: (1)a cover page, (2) introduction,(3) materials and methods, (4) results, (5) discussion, and (6) references.Cover Page-This should contain the title of the report; your name; the name of yourlabpartner(s);theduedateof thereport's submission,thelaboratory section,time,andday, and the name of your instructor. Be sure the title of the report is very informative.It may even be a sentence that summarizes the results of the experiment.Introduction - This gives an introduction to your experiment by providing a briefbackground about the topic and a context for your activities. This would include whatinformation is known from previous studies and what further information youexpect toobtainfromyour experimentationor observations.If you refertoyourtext orotherreferences in citing these previous studies, be sure you give a proper citation in the textof your report and list the complete reference at the end of the report.Your introduction should begin with general statements about your topic, and thenproceed tomore specific statements,until you have given an overview of everythingtobe covered in your report. You should describe here what was done in a very generalway, without the details that will be presented later in the Materials and Methods orResultssections.Anothercomponentof theintroductionisabriefdescriptionof thespecific questions that are being approached in your experiments. If you are testing ahypothesis in your experiment, you should state the hypothesis at the end of theIntroductionsectionMaterials and Methods - A description of the materials being used, possibly withdiagrams or drawings if necessary, should begin this section. You should then provide abriefdiscussion ofthemethodsused intheexperiments,explaininghow everythingwas done.If thesemethods are taken directlyfrom your laboratory manual or anotherreference, you may refer the reader to them there rather than repeating them in yourreport. In this case, be sure to make the proper citation within the text, and also list theoriginal in the References section of the report.If you referto methods fromanothersource,you must indicate any changes inthose methods that were actually used in yourexperiments. If several experiments concerning the same topic are being discussed inyour report, you may find that greater clarity is produced by discussing eachexperimentseparately,perhapswithRomannumeralstoidentifyeachpart,inMaterialsandMethodsand again inResults.2

7 might have gone wrong so that your discussion will have value if your results are unexpected or different from those of other lab groups in your class. All discussion of what was done in the laboratory experiments must be presented in the past tense, since you are writing about what occurred at a previous time. The report should be written with as few words as possible to keep it clear and concise. Use active verbs to describe what happened, rather than passive. The use of “we” or “I” is acceptable to avoid the passive voice, but these terms should be kept to a minimum. If you must use scientific nomenclature to identify an organism used in the lab, genus and species names should be italicized (preferred) or underlined Report format The report will include the following components: (1) a cover page, (2) introduction, (3) materials and methods, (4) results, (5) discussion, and (6) references. Cover Page – This should contain the title of the report; your name; the name of your lab partner(s); the due date of the report’s submission; the laboratory section, time, and day; and the name of your instructor. Be sure the title of the report is very informative. It may even be a sentence that summarizes the results of the experiment. Introduction – This gives an introduction to your experiment by providing a brief background about the topic and a context for your activities. This would include what information is known from previous studies and what further information you expect to obtain from your experimentation or observations. If you refer to your text or other references in citing these previous studies, be sure you give a proper citation in the text of your report and list the complete reference at the end of the report. Your introduction should begin with general statements about your topic, and then proceed to more specific statements, until you have given an overview of everything to be covered in your report. You should describe here what was done in a very general way, without the details that will be presented later in the Materials and Methods or Results sections. Another component of the introduction is a brief description of the specific questions that are being approached in your experiments. If you are testing a hypothesis in your experiment, you should state the hypothesis at the end of the Introduction section. Materials and Methods – A description of the materials being used, possibly with diagrams or drawings if necessary, should begin this section. You should then provide a brief discussion of the methods used in the experiments, explaining how everything was done. If these methods are taken directly from your laboratory manual or another reference, you may refer the reader to them there rather than repeating them in your report. In this case, be sure to make the proper citation within the text, and also list the original in the References section of the report. If you refer to methods from another source, you must indicate any changes in those methods that were actually used in your experiments. If several experiments concerning the same topic are being discussed in your report, you may find that greater clarity is produced by discussing each experiment separately, perhaps with Roman numerals to identify each part, in Materials and Methods and again in Results

The purpose of this section is to explain what you did so that your reader can performthe same experiment using the materials and methods that you have explained. Thus,you must include any details that would affect the reader's ability to repeat yourexperiment, but you shouldleave out irrelevantdetails that do not affect therepeatability of the activity. Be sure you include appropriate quantities, including sizeof containers, weight or volume of substances being used, temperatures, times oftreatments, etc. Since this is a scientific report, quantities should be reported using themetric system, includingtemperatures in degreesCelsius.Results-In this section you will begin with a text discussion of what results wereobtainedfromeachpartoftheexperiment.Youmaymakereferencetodatadirectlyinthe text of this section if there are not many numbers to report, or you may refer to anytables or figures in which the results are presented. A figure may be a graph, a diagram,or a picture, and each table or figure should have a detailed caption that explains itscontents.Each table or figure should also have a number by which you can referto it inthe text ofyour results section. Be sure all required labels are included, such as labelingthe X-axis and the Y-axis of a graph, or each column of a table. You may wish toinclude leader lines and identification labels on a diagram for greater clarity.Report ALL data you obtain as results in any experiments you perform. Do not omitdata that do not support your hypothesis, or unexpected data that might result fromfollowing the methods incorrectly.DO NOT change any data to fit your expectationsbetter.It isvery importantthat scientificdata bereported honestly,exactly as itisobtained,andunexpectedresultsshouldbeaddressedintheDiscussionsectionofyourreport.Types of data that you might include in this section are (l)any generalobservations youmade during the experiment, (2) all quantitative results, usually shown in figures ortables, and (3) the results of statistical analysis of your results, if appropriate. Use theanalytic methods indicated by your laboratory manual or your instructor, and presentthe data and tests in a figure and/or a table. Do not include raw data in this section, butsummarizethedataforgreaterclarity.Ifyourinstructor saysyoumustincluderawdataand any calculations required to summarize the data, place the information in anAppendixaftertheDiscussionsection.The Results section should contain only the results, without discussion of why or howthe results occurred.Since many of thedetails of the results are in tables or figuresyou do not need to cover these points again in the text of this section.You shouldidentify only the important points of each figure or table within the text.Discussion-This is usually the most important portion of your laboratory report, sinceyou are interpreting the results in light of the hypothesis that was being tested. Again,the information should bepresented from themoregeneral statements to themorespecific details.Begin with your major conclusions that were obtained from yourresults, and tell whether the results support or do NOT support your hypothesis.Remember that you cannot prove a hypothesis true, so don't make such a statement.Your results will also probably not be sufficient to prove a hypothesis false, but youmayhaveresultsthatdonotsupportthehypothesis.Inthiscase,youneedtoexplainhow your results contradict the hypothesis, and perhaps compare your results with8

8 The purpose of this section is to explain what you did so that your reader can perform the same experiment using the materials and methods that you have explained. Thus, you must include any details that would affect the reader’s ability to repeat your experiment, but you should leave out irrelevant details that do not affect the repeatability of the activity. Be sure you include appropriate quantities, including size of containers, weight or volume of substances being used, temperatures, times of treatments, etc. Since this is a scientific report, quantities should be reported using the metric system, including temperatures in degrees Celsius. Results – In this section you will begin with a text discussion of what results were obtained from each part of the experiment. You may make reference to data directly in the text of this section if there are not many numbers to report, or you may refer to any tables or figures in which the results are presented. A figure may be a graph, a diagram, or a picture, and each table or figure should have a detailed caption that explains its contents. Each table or figure should also have a number by which you can refer to it in the text of your results section. Be sure all required labels are included, such as labeling the X-axis and the Y-axis of a graph, or each column of a table. You may wish to include leader lines and identification labels on a diagram for greater clarity. Report ALL data you obtain as results in any experiments you perform. Do not omit data that do not support your hypothesis, or unexpected data that might result from following the methods incorrectly. DO NOT change any data to fit your expectations better. It is very important that scientific data be reported honestly, exactly as it is obtained, and unexpected results should be addressed in the Discussion section of your report. Types of data that you might include in this section are (1) any general observations you made during the experiment, (2) all quantitative results, usually shown in figures or tables, and (3) the results of statistical analysis of your results, if appropriate. Use the analytic methods indicated by your laboratory manual or your instructor, and present the data and tests in a figure and/or a table. Do not include raw data in this section, but summarize the data for greater clarity. If your instructor says you must include raw data and any calculations required to summarize the data, place the information in an Appendix after the Discussion section. The Results section should contain only the results, without discussion of why or how the results occurred. Since many of the details of the results are in tables or figures, you do not need to cover these points again in the text of this section. You should identify only the important points of each figure or table within the text. Discussion – This is usually the most important portion of your laboratory report, since you are interpreting the results in light of the hypothesis that was being tested. Again, the information should be presented from the more general statements to the more specific details. Begin with your major conclusions that were obtained from your results, and tell whether the results support or do NOT support your hypothesis. Remember that you cannot prove a hypothesis true, so don’t make such a statement. Your results will also probably not be sufficient to prove a hypothesis false, but you may have results that do not support the hypothesis. In this case, you need to explain how your results contradict the hypothesis, and perhaps compare your results with

those of other students in your section (if their results are provided to you), or compareyour resultswiththe results of other studies to which you makereference.Remembertocitethestudiesinyourdiscussionandgiveacompletereferencetothebookorarticlein your Reference section.After discussing your results and how they relate to the hypothesis and other work onthe topic, you should try to offer an interpretation of why you obtained the results youdid, especially if the results were unexpected. This is where you would discuss whatyoumight havedoneincorrectly intheexperiment,and howthis would haveproducedthe results you obtained.Remember also that you might get unexpected results even ifyou did everything exactly as specified in your experiment. Negative results are notnecessarily WRONG.New experiments or improvements in the original design of theexperiment may be suggested here as alternative ways of testing the same hypothesis.References-If any literature has been cited in the text of your report, such as yourlaboratory manual, you must give a full reference to each book or article cited. Presentthese in alphabetical order,by the first letter of the first author's last name.Criteria forThe Grading of Papers and Experimental ReportsThe maximum grade is a 100 and is a composite of three grades based on spellinggrammar, and contentI. Spelling counts 10% of the total grade. Each different spelling or typographical errorwill usually result in a point deducted from the maximum. However, if one word isconsistently misspelled, it will be deducted only once. Low grades in spelling can beavoided by keeping a dictionary on hand and proofreading your work before yousubmit itfor reviewI1.Grammarcounts15%ofthetotalgrade.Eachgrammarerror (wrongtense,poorsentence of paragraph structure) will usually result in a point deducted from themaximum. Low grades in grammar can be avoided by proofreading your work beforeyou submit it and bywritingpractice essays.IIl. Content counts 75% of the total grade. The kinds of questions that are considered inevaluating content includethefollowing:1.Is your information accurate?2. Is your discussion logical?3. Did you transform the raw data into a more useful andappropriateformat?Do you adequately support your argument?4Do you adequately correlate and contrast your data to previous6.experience?Doyou supportyour conclusions with theappropriate statisticalD.test(s)?NameGradesSpelling x 10% = .Grammarx15%=Content x 75% =COMPOSITE GRADE

9 those of other students in your section (if their results are provided to you), or compare your results with the results of other studies to which you make reference. Remember to cite the studies in your discussion and give a complete reference to the book or article in your Reference section. After discussing your results and how they relate to the hypothesis and other work on the topic, you should try to offer an interpretation of why you obtained the results you did, especially if the results were unexpected. This is where you would discuss what you might have done incorrectly in the experiment, and how this would have produced the results you obtained. Remember also that you might get unexpected results even if you did everything exactly as specified in your experiment. Negative results are not necessarily WRONG. New experiments or improvements in the original design of the experiment may be suggested here as alternative ways of testing the same hypothesis. References – If any literature has been cited in the text of your report, such as your laboratory manual, you must give a full reference to each book or article cited. Present these in alphabetical order, by the first letter of the first author’s last name. Criteria for The Grading of Papers and Experimental Reports The maximum grade is a 100 and is a composite of three grades based on spelling grammar, and content. I. Spelling counts 10% of the total grade. Each different spelling or typographical error will usually result in a point deducted from the maximum. However, if one word is consistently misspelled, it will be deducted only once. Low grades in spelling can be avoided by keeping a dictionary on hand and proofreading your work before you submit it for review. II. Grammar counts 15% of the total grade. Each grammar error (wrong tense, poor sentence of paragraph structure) will usually result in a point deducted from the maximum. Low grades in grammar can be avoided by proofreading your work before you submit it and by writing practice essays. III. Content counts 75% of the total grade. The kinds of questions that are considered in evaluating content include the following: 1. Is your information accurate? 2. Is your discussion logical? 3. Did you transform the raw data into a more useful and appropriate format? 4. Do you adequately support your argument? 5. Do you adequately correlate and contrast your data to previous experience? 6. Do you support your conclusions with the appropriate statistical test(s)? Name_ Grades Spelling x 10% = . Grammar x 15% = . Content x 75% = . COMPOSITE GRADE