Chapter 1Introduction to Electronics1.1Signals1.2FrequencySpectrumofSignals1.3AnalogandDigitalSignals1.4Amplifiers1.5CircuitModelsforAmplifiers1.6FrequencyResponseofAmplifiers1.7Digital LogicInverters1.8CircuitSimulationUsingSPICE2025/11/27
2025/11/27 Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronics 1 1.1 Signals 1.2 Frequency Spectrum of Signals 1.3 Analog and Digital Signals 1.4 Amplifiers 1.5 Circuit Models for Amplifiers 1.6 Frequency Response of Amplifiers 1.7 Digital Logic Inverters 1.8 Circuit Simulation Using SPICE
21.1Signalsvs(t)ParametersTransducerElectricalin the real传感器/换能器signalworldTime,tRCi.(t)Rs0.(t).O(b) Norton form(a) Thevenin formSignalsources2025/11/27
2025/11/27 1.1 Signals Parameters in the real world Transducer 传感器/换能器 Electrical signal 𝑣𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒,𝑡 (a) Thévenin form (b) Norton form 2 Signal sources
1.2 Time & Freguency-domain expression and spectrumSine-wave: temporally and spatially determined byAmplitude,Frequency/Period andPhaseo(rad/s)0oSine-wavevoltagesignalanditsspectrum2025/11/27
⚫ Sine-wave: temporally and spatially determined by Amplitude, Frequency/Period and Phase 2025/11/27 3 1.2 Time & Frequency-domain expression and spectrum Sine-wave voltage signal and its spectrum (rad/s) 0
1.2 Time & Freguency-domain expression and spectrumTime-varyingsignal in arbitraryformFT--sumof sine-waves.Vsin x>e.g. symmetrical square-wavev (sinxsin3x)311V(sin xsin3xsin5x)5YV(sin x += sin 3x +sin25x325+12025/11/27
2025/11/27 ⚫ Time-varying signal in arbitrary form→FT→sum of sine-waves. ➢e.g. symmetrical square-wave 𝑽𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝑽 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙) 𝑽(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒙) 𝑽(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝟓𝒙) 4 1.2 Time & Frequency-domain expression and spectrum
1.2 Time & Freguency-domain expression and spectrumSine-waveisalways usedforanalysis,designandtesting.4VT14V4V7130050070oow (rad/s)Frequencyspectrumoftheperiodicsquarewave2025/11/27
2025/11/27 ⚫ Sine-wave is always used for analysis, design and testing. Frequency spectrum of the periodic square wave 5 1.2 Time & Frequency-domain expression and spectrum
1.2 Time & Freguency-domain expression and spectrumSpectraofsometypicalsignalsTAIRBisstariehtaCanlra4Spectrum ofSettiaCWDMsignalSreenseFIEf(Hz)500100015002000250030000SpectrumofHumanVoiceSpectrumoflasersignal193050193060f(GHz)2025/11/27
2025/11/27 ⚫ Spectra of some typical signals Spectrum of CWDM signal Spectrum of laser signal Spectrum of Human Voice 6 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 (Hz) A 𝑓(𝐺𝐻𝑧) 𝑃0(𝑚𝑊) 1.2 Time & Frequency-domain expression and spectrum
1.3Signals: analog v.s. digital时间信息码元顿头1PPS5ms5ms8ms8ms2msomsmsSDelayevolutionover24hours8msinaopticalfibersvstemfor?5ms8ms:5ms5msTime/Frequencytransfer--ADDA491.016A-BCodeformatoftheB-A491.014ostandardIRIG-B(DC)491.012(s)e491.010491.008491.006491.004491.002Oob-3DigitalAnalogA/D1224303614inputouiputconvertertime(Hour)obN-1O二2025/11/27
2025/11/27 1.3 Signals: analog v.s. digital 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 491.002 491.004 491.006 491.008 491.010 491.012 491.014 491.016 A-B B-A delay(us) time(Hour) -3 -2 -1 0 1 clock difference (ns) Delay evolution over 24 hours in a optical fiber system for Time/Frequency transfer Code format of the standard IRIG-B(DC) AD DA 7
81.4 AmplifiersElectronic circuits canperform manyanalogand digitalsignalprocessingfunctionsThis course mainly deals with the simplest butmost important functionAmplificationDirectionof signalflowOutputInputOutputInputOOOO(a) Circuit symbol(b) With a common terminal (ground)2025/11/27
2025/11/27 1.4 Amplifiers ⚫ Electronic circuits can perform many analog and digital signal processing functions ⚫ This course mainly deals with the simplest but most important function——Amplification (a) Circuit symbol (b) With a common terminal (ground) Direction of signal flow 8
91.4AmplifiersBothvoltage and current can be amplifiedHence there are different types, depending onthe practical application scenery.>Source,Input andoutput resistances> The gain (VN, A/A, VIA, A)Foraparticularamplifier,somegainsmaybelessthanone.However,thesignal poweriscertainlyamplified.2025/11/27
1.4 Amplifiers ⚫ Both voltage and current can be amplified. Hence there are different types, depending on the practical application scenery. ➢ Source, Input and output resistances ➢ The gain (V/V, A/A, V/A, A/V) ⚫ For a particular amplifier, some gains may be less than one. However, the signal power is certainly amplified. 2025/11/27 9
101.4Amplifier:types and key parametersAmplifiertypes>Signalintension(smallsignalamp.,power amp.,...)>Signal spectrum (widebandamp., tuned amp.....)Key parameters>Gain,input/outputresistance,..>BandwidthLinear&Nonlineardistortion,Saturation2025/11/27
1.4 Amplifier: types and key parameters ⚫ Amplifier types ➢ Signal intension (small signal amp., power amp., .) ➢ Signal spectrum (wideband amp., tuned amp.,.) ➢ . ⚫ Key parameters ➢ Gain, input/output resistance, . ➢ Bandwidth ➢ Linear & Nonlinear distortion, Saturation ➢ . 2025/11/27 10