《Plant Physiology》（双语）教学教案
1 《Plant Physiology》（双语） 教学教案
Introduction计划学时：2h一.教学目的了解植物生理学的对象、内容、产生和发展及发展趋势。二.教学重点植物生理学的内容及发展趋势，植物生理学与分子生物学的关系。三.教学难点植物生理学的发展趋势四.教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主。五.教学用具多媒体硬件支持。六.教学过程?Introduction ofmyresearchworkbriefly (5min)Concept of plant physiology and main contents and chapters of this course(20 min)Tasks of plant physiology (20 min)?Someexamples:Photoperiod, Solution culture,Water culture,Senescence,Ethylene,Tissue culture, Plant growth substance, Photomorphogenesis, Etiolation.Establishment and development of plant physiology (30 min)In ancient China and western countriesExperimentally/scientifically>J.von Liebig'sworkModern plant physiology.Establishment and development of plant physiology inChina.Perspectives ofplantphysiology(10min)Five problems of human beings:Food,Energy,Environment,Resources, PopulationSummaryofthe contents of introduction(5min)2
2 Introduction 计划学时：2 h 一. 教学目的 了解植物生理学的对象、内容、产生和发展及发展趋势。 二. 教学重点 植物生理学的内容及发展趋势，植物生理学与分子生物学的关系。 三. 教学难点 植物生理学的发展趋势 四. 教学方法 采用以多媒体教学法为主。 五. 教学用具 多媒体硬件支持。 六. 教学过程 ⚫ Introduction of my research work briefly (5 min) ⚫ Concept of plant physiology and main contents and chapters of this course (20 min) ⚫ Tasks of plant physiology（20 min） Some examples: Photoperiod, Solution culture, Water culture, Senescence, Ethylene, Tissue culture, Plant growth substance, Photomorphogenesis, Etiolation. ⚫ Establishment and development of plant physiology（30 min） In ancient China and western countries→Experimentally/scientifically→J.von Liebig’s work→Modern plant physiology. Establishment and development of plant physiology in China. ⚫ Perspectives of plant physiology（10 min） Five problems of human beings : Food, Energy, Environment, Resources, Population ⚫ Summary of the contents of introduction（5 min）
Chapter 1 Water Metabolism教学章节：植物对水分的需要、植物细胞对水分的吸收、植物根系对水分的吸收、蒸腾作用、植物体内水分的运输、合理灌溉的生理基础计划学时：3h一、教学目的通过本章学习，主要了解植物对水分吸收、运输及蒸腾作用的基本原理，认识维持植物水分平衡的重要性，为合理灌溉提供理论基础。二、教学重点(1)）林植物细胞对水分的吸收(2)植物根系对水分的吸收（3）气孔运动的机理三、教学难点植物细胞水势的概念及其组成四、教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主。五、教学用具多媒体硬件支持。六、教学过程Introductionofmaincontentsofthischapter(5min)1.1 Waterrequirementofplant(25min)1.1.1Moisture content of plantWatercontentofdifferentkindsofplant:SameplantsunderdifferentenvironmentsDifferent organs and tissues ofone plant1.1.2SState of water in plant bodyBound water and free water, ratio of free water to bound water1.1.3FunctionsofwaterinplantlifeMain component of protoplast, Participates directly in metabolism, Solvent for substanceabsorption and transportation, Keep plants in their shape.1.2 Water absorption by plant cell (30 min)1.2.1Osmotic absorption of water by plant cellFree energy and water potentialWater potential of solutions:Negative, Why?3
3 Chapter 1 Water Metabolism 教学章节：植物对水分的需要、植物细胞对水分的吸收、植物根系对水分的吸收、蒸腾作用、植物体内水 分的运输、合理灌溉的生理基础 计划学时：3 h 一、教学目的 通过本章学习，主要了解植物对水分吸收、运输及蒸腾作用的基本原理，认识维持植物水分平衡 的重要性，为合理灌溉提供理论基础。 二、教学重点 （1） 植物细胞对水分的吸收 （2） 植物根系对水分的吸收 （3） 气孔运动的机理 三、教学难点 植物细胞水势的概念及其组成 四、教学方法 采用以多媒体教学法为主。 五、教学用具 多媒体硬件支持。 六、教学过程 Introduction of main contents of this chapter（5 min） 1.1 Water requirement of plant （25 min） 1.1.1 Moisture content of plant Water content of different kinds of plant; Same plants under different environments; Different organs and tissues of one plant. 1.1.2 State of water in plant body Bound water and free water, ratio of free water to bound water 1.1.3 Functions of water in plant life Main component of protoplast, Participates directly in metabolism, Solvent for substance absorption and transportation, Keep plants in their shape. 1.2 Water absorption by plant cell（30 min） 1.2.1 Osmotic absorption of water by plant cell Free energy and water potential Water potential of solutions: Negative, Why?
Componentsofwofplantcells:w=s+p+mSolute /osmotic potentialPressure potentialMatric potentialMembranes of plant cells are selectively permeable membranes(Mature) plant cell is an osmotic systemWater movement between cells1.2.2 Imbibition of plant cellCellulose in CW, Proteins in protoplast, Starches in cytoplasm are Hydrophilic colloid1.2.3Transmembranepathway(s)ofwatermovementIndividual water molecules/Diffusion:through bilayer of phospholipids of membranesBulk flow: water channel proteins1.3Waterabsorptionbyroots(30min)1.3.1 Site and PathwaysSite: Root hair zonePathwaysapoplast pathwaytransmembranepathwaysymplast pathway1.3.2 Motive powerRoot pressure: Bleeding, Guttation, Mechanism of root pressure ?Transpiration pull1.3.3 Factors influencing the water absorption by rootsIn the soil:Available water in the soil ?Air conditions in the soil: sunny, rainSoil temperature:iceConcentration of soil solutions: after fertilizationIn the air?1.4 Transpiration(30min)Concept1.4.1 Physiological functions of transpirationMain driving force for water absorption and transportation: How about root pressure?Absorption and transportation of minerals and organic compoundsCool down the leaves: latent heat of vaporization; sweat4
4 Components of Ψw of plant cells: Ψw=Ψs+Ψp +Ψm Solute /osmotic potential Pressure potential Matric potential Membranes of plant cells are selectively permeable membranes (Mature) plant cell is an osmotic system Water movement between cells 1.2.2 Imbibition of plant cell Cellulose in CW, Proteins in protoplast, Starches in cytoplasm are Hydrophilic colloid 1.2.3 Transmembrane pathway(s) of water movement Individual water molecules/Diffusion: through bilayer of phospholipids of membranes Bulk flow: water channel proteins 1.3 Water absorption by roots （30 min） 1.3.1 Site and Pathways Site: Root hair zone Pathways apoplast pathway transmembrane pathway symplast pathway 1.3.2 Motive power Root pressure: Bleeding, Guttation, Mechanism of root pressure ? Transpiration pull 1.3.3 Factors influencing the water absorption by roots In the soil: Available water in the soil ? Air conditions in the soil: sunny, rain Soil temperature:ice Concentration of soil solutions: after fertilization In the air? 1.4 Transpiration （30 min） Concept 1.4.1 Physiological functions of transpiration Main driving force for water absorption and transportation: How about root pressure? Absorption and transportation of minerals and organic compounds Cool down the leaves: latent heat of vaporization; sweat
1.4.2 Stomatal transpirationStomatal structureMechanism of stomatal movement: Why open in the day, close at night?starch-sugar conversion theoryinorganic ion uptake theorymalate production theoryThree theories combined1.4.3Factors influencing transpirationLightTemperatureConcentration of CO2WaterWindPlant hormones: Abscisic Acid (ABA)1.5Watertransportationinplantbody(30min)1.5.1 PathwayFrom soil to rootFrom root to leafFrom leaf to substomatal cavity1.5.2 RateThrough living cells: slowIn xylem: fast (3-45 m/h)1.5.3Powerofwater transportation inxylemRoot pressure: pushTranspiration: pullHow can water columns in xylem keep continuous?1.6Physiological bases of rational irrigation(25min)Critical period of waterSoil indexMorphological indexPhysiological indexSummary of the contents of this chapter (5 min)5
5 1.4.2 Stomatal transpiration Stomatal structure Mechanism of stomatal movement: Why open in the day, close at night? starch-sugar conversion theory inorganic ion uptake theory malate production theory Three theories combined 1.4.3 Factors influencing transpiration Light Temperature Concentration of CO2 Water Wind Plant hormones: Abscisic Acid (ABA) 1.5 Water transportation in plant body（30 min） 1.5.1 Pathway From soil to root From root to leaf From leaf to substomatal cavity 1.5.2 Rate Through living cells: slow In xylem: fast (3-45 m/h) 1.5.3 Power of water transportation in xylem Root pressure: push Transpiration: pull How can water columns in xylem keep continuous? 1.6 Physiological bases of rational irrigation（25 min） Critical period of water Soil index Morphological index Physiological index Summary of the contents of this chapter（5 min）
Chapter 2Mineral Nutrition of Plant教学章节：植物必需的矿质元素、植物细胞对矿质元素的吸收、植物对矿质元素的吸收、无机养料的同化、矿物质在植物体内的运输、合理施肥的生理基础。计划学时：2h一、教学目的通过本章的学习，要求学生掌握：植物的必需元素及其在植物体内的生理作用；矿质元素的吸收和运输途径。熟悉：怎样应用矿质理论为农林业生产服务。二、教学重点1）植物的必需矿质元素及其在植物体内的生理作用；2）矿质元素的吸收和运输途径。三、教学难点(1）林植物必需矿质元素的生理作用；（2）石矿质元素的吸收途径。四、教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主，结合课堂提问。五、教学用具多媒体硬件支持。六、教学过程Introduction ofmaincontents ofthis chapter(5min)2.1 Essential Minerals of Plant (25 min)2.1.1 Elements in plant bodymore than 602.1.2 Essential elements of plant6
6 Chapter 2 Mineral Nutrition of Plant 教学章节：植物必需的矿质元素、植物细胞对矿质元素的吸收、植物对矿质元素的吸收、无 机养料的同化、矿物质在植物体内的运输、合理施肥的生理基础。 计划学时：2 h 一、教学目的 通过本章的学习, 要求学生掌握: 植物的必需元素及其在植物体内的生理作用；矿质元 素的吸收和运输途径。熟悉: 怎样应用矿质理论为农林业生产服务。 二、教学重点 1) 植物的必需矿质元素及其在植物体内的生理作用； 2) 矿质元素的吸收和运输途径。 三、教学难点 （1） 植物必需矿质元素的生理作用； （2） 矿质元素的吸收途径。 四、教学方法 采用以多媒体教学法为主，结合课堂提问。 五、教学用具 多媒体硬件支持。 六、教学过程 Introduction of main contents of this chapter（5 min） 2.1 Essential Minerals of Plant（25 min） 2.1.1 Elements in plant body more than 60 2.1.2 Essential elements of plant
What is essential element? One whose absence prevents a plant from completing itslife cycle, Onethat has a clear and direct physiological role,if absent, there will beunique deficiencies or plant disordersHow to determine?Delete or addSoil cultureSand cultureSolution culture/Water culture/HydroponicsMacronutrients:C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、SiMicronutrientsFe、Mn、B、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cl、Ni、Na2.1.3Physiological Functions of Essential ElementsDiscuss physiological functions of each essential mineral elementSummary of essential nutrient functionsGroup 1: part of carbon compoundsN; SGroup2: important in energy storage or structural integrityP, Si, BGroup3: remain in ionic formK; Ca, Mg; Cl; Mn, NaGroup 4: involved in redox reactionsFe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo2.2 Absorption of Minerals by Plant Cell (15 min)2.2.1 Passive absorptionSimple DiffusionFacilitated DiffusionChannel protein, ion channelCarrier2.2.2 Active absorptionAgainst gradient, extra energy required.Carrier, transporter, porter, permease, penetrase, transport enzymeInorganic ion uptake theory2.2.3PinocytosisDrink/swallow; no selectivity2.3Absorption of Minerals byPlant (15min)2.3.1 Site7
7 What is essential element? One whose absence prevents a plant from completing its life cycle; One that has a clear and direct physiological role, if absent, there will be unique deficiencies or plant disorders. How to determine? Delete or add Soil culture Sand culture Solution culture/Water culture/Hydroponics Macronutrients: C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S 、Si Micronutrients: Fe、Mn、B、Cu、 Zn、 Mo、Cl 、Ni 、Na 2.1.3 Physiological Functions of Essential Elements Discuss physiological functions of each essential mineral element Summary of essential nutrient functions Group 1: part of carbon compounds N; S Group 2: important in energy storage or structural integrity P; Si; B Group 3: remain in ionic form K; Ca; Mg; Cl; Mn; Na Group 4: involved in redox reactions Fe; Zn; Cu; Ni; Mo 2.2 Absorption of Minerals by Plant Cell（15 min） 2.2.1 Passive absorption Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Channel protein, ion channel Carrier 2.2.2 Active absorption Against gradient, extra energy required. Carrier, transporter, porter, permease, penetrase, transport enzyme Inorganic ion uptake theory 2.2.3 Pinocytosis Drink/swallow; no selectivity 2.3 Absorption of Minerals by Plant（15 min） 2.3.1 Site
Root hair zoneFolia application?2.3.2 Processes by rootCation exchange on the surface of soil particles (from particles to soil solution)Ions are adsorbed on the surface of roots (from soil solution to root surface)From root surface to the parenchyma of xylem: symplast and apoplastFrom parenchyma to conducting cells of xylem (xylem loading)2.3.3Processes by leaf (folia nutrition)Processes by leaf (folia nutrition)Stomata? Cuticular layer: gaps2.3.4 Characteristics of mineral absorption by roots(Rate) different from water absorptionSelective absorptionPhysiologically acid saltPhysiologically alkaline saltPhysiologicallyalkalinesaltToxicity of single salt2.3.5Factors influencing mineral absorption by rootsTemperatureAir conditionsConcentration of solutions: amount of carrierspH of soil solutionsProteins in the cell: + orSolubility of ions: acid (P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn)alkalic (Fe, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn)Activities of microorganism2.4Assimilationofmineralnutrients（15min)2.4.1Nitrate assimilation(Absorbed) NO3NO2→NH3Nitrate reductase: FAD, Cytb557, MoCoNitrite reductase: chloroplasts in leaves2.4.2 Ammonium assimilationReduced aminationTransaminationFormation of asparagine and glutamine2.4.3 Biological nitrogen fixation8
8 Root hair zone Folia application? 2.3.2 Processes by root Cation exchange on the surface of soil particles (from particles to soil solution) Ions are adsorbed on the surface of roots (from soil solution to root surface) From root surface to the parenchyma of xylem: symplast and apoplast From parenchyma to conducting cells of xylem (xylem loading) 2.3.3 Processes by leaf (folia nutrition) Processes by leaf (folia nutrition) Stomata？Cuticular layer: gaps 2.3.4 Characteristics of mineral absorption by roots (Rate) different from water absorption Selective absorption Physiologically acid salt Physiologically alkaline salt Physiologically alkaline salt Toxicity of single salt 2.3.5 Factors influencing mineral absorption by roots Temperature Air conditions Concentration of solutions: amount of carriers pH of soil solutions Proteins in the cell: + or – Solubility of ions: acid (P, K, Ca, Mg; Al, Fe, Mn) alkalic (Fe, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn) Activities of microorganism 2.4 Assimilation of mineral nutrients（15 min） 2.4.1 Nitrate assimilation (Absorbed) NO3→NO2→NH3 Nitrate reductase: FAD, Cytb557, MoCo Nitrite reductase: chloroplasts in leaves 2.4.2 Ammonium assimilation Reduced amination Transamination Formation of asparagine and glutamine 2.4.3 Biological nitrogen fixation
2.4.4 Sulfur assimilationSulfate activationSulfate reduction2.4.5Phosphate assimilation2.5 Mineral transportation in plant body (20 min)2.5.1 Transportation form2.5.2 Transportation pathwaysSurgical +Radioactive isotopeFrom root upward:xylem; xylemphloemFromleafupward:phloem; phloem →xylem then upwarddownward:phloem2.5.3Transportationrate2.5.4 Distribution of minerals in plant bodyMetabolic active parts: mobile elementsOlder parts: immobile elements2.6 Physiological basis of fertilizing (20 min)2.6.1 Mineral requirement of cropsDifferent cropsDifferent growth periods of one crop2.6.2 Indexes of fertilizingMorphological indexesPhysiological indexesSummary of the contents of this chapter (5 min)9
9 2.4.4 Sulfur assimilation Sulfate activation Sulfate reduction 2.4.5 Phosphate assimilation 2.5 Mineral transportation in plant body（20 min） 2.5.1 Transportation form 2.5.2 Transportation pathways Surgical + Radioactive isotope From root upward: xylem; xylem→phloem From leaf upward: phloem ; phloem → xylem then upward downward: phloem 2.5.3 Transportation rate 2.5.4 Distribution of minerals in plant body Metabolic active parts: mobile elements Older parts: immobile elements 2.6 Physiological basis of fertilizing（20 min） 2.6.1 Mineral requirement of crops Different crops Different growth periods of one crop 2.6.2 Indexes of fertilizing Morphological indexes Physiological indexes Summary of the contents of this chapter（5 min）
Chapter 33Photosynthesis教学章节：光合作用的重要性、叶绿体及叶绿体色素、光合作用的机理、影响光合作用的因素、植物对光能的利用计划学时：4h一、教学目的通过本章的学习使学生掌握光合作用的意义、过程（机理）、环境条件对光合作用的影响及光合作用的器官和光合色素等。二、教学重点（1）光合作用的机理(2）量影响光合作用的外界因素三、教学难点光合作用的机理四、教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主。五、教学用具多媒体硬件支持。六、教学过程Introductionofmaincontents ofthis chapter (5min)3.1 The discovery of photosynthesis (5 min)1771,Joseph Priestly:Sprigofmint/candle,“oxygen"1779, Jan Ingenhousz: Light1782.J.Senebier: CO2and021804, N. T. de Saussure: H2O and [C02]=[O2]1864, J. Sachs: CH20 (Starch grain/light)3.2Theimportanceofphotosynthesis(10min)Green factory to produce organic compoundsEnergy transformationSourceofoxygen3.3Chloroplastandchloroplast pigments (30min)3.3.1 Site of photosynthesis3.3.2StructureandchemicalcomponentsofchloroplastMorphology: flat and ellipsoidMovement of chloroplastStructure: 2D10
10 Chapter 3 Photosynthesis 教学章节：光合作用的重要性、叶绿体及叶绿体色素、光合作用的机理、影响光合作用的因素、植物对光 能的利用 计划学时：4 h 一、教学目的 通过本章的学习使学生掌握光合作用的意义、过程（机理）、环境条件对光合作用的影响及光合 作用的器官和光合色素等。 二、教学重点 （1） 光合作用的机理 （2） 影响光合作用的外界因素 三、教学难点 光合作用的机理 四、教学方法 采用以多媒体教学法为主。 五、教学用具 多媒体硬件支持。 六、教学过程 Introduction of main contents of this chapter（5 min） 3.1 The discovery of photosynthesis（5 min） 1771, Joseph Priestly: Sprig of mint/candle, “oxygen” 1779, Jan Ingenhousz: Light 1782, J. Senebier：CO2 and O2 1804, N. T. de Saussure: H2O and [CO2]=[O2] 1864, J. Sachs: CH2O (Starch grain/light) 3.2 The importance of photosynthesis（10 min） Green factory to produce organic compounds Energy transformation Source of oxygen 3.3 Chloroplast and chloroplast pigments（30 min） 3.3.1 Site of photosynthesis 3.3.2 Structure and chemical components of chloroplast Morphology: flat and ellipsoid Movement of chloroplast Structure: 2D