Part Two Backgroumd Iformation W BTL E ENTER
W B T L E Lesson 9 - Against All Odds Part Two ENTER
Background Information Contents I。 About the text I。 Stephen Hawking 工工L。 Maior works by Hawking IV ALS W BTL E BAC
W B T L E Lesson 9 - Against All Odds I. About the text II. Stephen Hawking III. Major works by Hawking IV. ALS Background Information
I. About the text This text is adapted from the biography of stephen Hawking Stephen Hawking: A life in Science, 2nd edition, written by michael White and John Gribbin, published in1998 W BTL E The end of about the text
W B T L E This text is adapted from the biography of Stephen Hawking— Stephen Hawking: A life in Science, 2nd edition, written by Michael White and John Gribbin, published in 1998. Lesson 9 - Against All Odds I. About the text W B T L E The end of About the Text
II. Stephen Hawking Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942(300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford. In 1950 Stephen's father moved to the Institute for medical research in mill Hill. The family moved to St Albans so that the journey to Mill Hill was easier. Stephen attended St Albans High School for Girls(which took boys up to the age of 10). When he was older he attended St albans school W BTL E To be continued on the next page
W B T L E ◼ Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford. ◼ In 1950 Stephen's father moved to the Institute for Medical Research in Mill Hill. The family moved to St Albans so that the journey to Mill Hill was easier. Stephen attended St Albans High School for Girls (which took boys up to the age of 10). When he was older he attended St Albans school. Lesson 9 - Against All Odds II. Stephen Hawking To be continued on the next page
II. Stephen Hawking Hawking was persuaded to make chemistry his main school subject by his father In March 1959 Hawking took the scholarship examinations with the aim of studying natural sciences at Oxford He was awarded a scholarship despite feeling that he had performed badly and at University College he specialised in physics in his natural sciences degree. W BTL E To be continued on the next page
W B T L E ◼ Hawking was persuaded to make chemistry his main school subject by his father. ◼ In March 1959 Hawking took the scholarship examinations with the aim of studying natural sciences at Oxford. He was awarded a scholarship, despite feeling that he had performed badly, and at University College he specialised in physics in his natural sciences degree. Lesson 9 - Against All Odds II. Stephen Hawking To be continued on the next page
II. Stephen Hawking Hawking moved to Cambridge from Oxford to take up research in general relativity and cosmology, a difficult area for someone with only a little mathematical background Hawking had noticed that he was becoming rather clumsy during his last year at Oxford and, when he returned home for christmas, 1962, at the end of his first term at Cambridge, his mother persuaded him to see a doctor. W BTL E To be continued on the next page
W B T L E ◼ Hawking moved to Cambridge from Oxford to take up research in general relativity and cosmology, a difficult area for someone with only a little mathematical background. ◼ Hawking had noticed that he was becoming rather clumsy during his last year at Oxford and, when he returned home for Christmas, 1962, at the end of his first term at Cambridge, his mother persuaded him to see a doctor. Lesson 9 - Against All Odds II. Stephen Hawking To be continued on the next page
II. Stephen Hawking In early 1963 he spent two weeks having tests in hospital and motor neurone disease (Lou Gehrig's disease)was diagnosed. His condition deteriorated quickly and the doctors predicted that he would not live long enough to complete his doctorate. The reason that his research progressed was that he met a girl he wanted to marry and realised he had to complete his doctorate to get a job W BTL E To be continued on the next page
W B T L E ◼ In early 1963 he spent two weeks having tests in hospital and motor neurone disease (Lou Gehrig's disease) was diagnosed. His condition deteriorated quickly and the doctors predicted that he would not live long enough to complete his doctorate. The reason that his research progressed was that he met a girl he wanted to marry and realised he had to complete his doctorate to get a job. Lesson 9 - Against All Odds II. Stephen Hawking To be continued on the next page
II. Stephen Hawking After completing his doctorate in 1966 Hawking was awarded a fellowship at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. In 1973 he left the Institute of Astronomy and joined to the Department of Applied Mathematics and theoretical physics at Cambridge. He became Professor of Gravitational Physics at Cambridge in 1977 In 1979 Hawking was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. The man born 300 years to the day after Galileo died now held Newton's chair at Cambridge W BTL E To be continued on the next page
W B T L E ◼ After completing his doctorate in 1966 Hawking was awarded a fellowship at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. In 1973 he left the Institute of Astronomy and joined to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at Cambridge. He became Professor of Gravitational Physics at Cambridge in 1977. ◼ In 1979 Hawking was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. The man born 300 years to the day after Galileo died now held Newton's chair at Cambridge. Lesson 9 - Against All Odds II. Stephen Hawking To be continued on the next page
II. Stephen Hawking Between 1965 and 1970 Hawking worked on singularities in the theory of general relativity devising new mathematical techniques to study this area of cosmology. From 1970 Hawking began to apply his previous ideas to the study of black holes a Continuing this work on black holes, Hawking discovered in 1970 a remarkable property. Using quantum theory and general relativity he was able to show that black holes can emit radiation. His success with proving this made him work from that time on combining the theory of general relativity with quantum theory. W BTL E To be continued on the next page
W B T L E ◼ Between 1965 and 1970 Hawking worked on singularities in the theory of general relativity devising new mathematical techniques to study this area of cosmology. From 1970 Hawking began to apply his previous ideas to the study of black holes. ◼ Continuing this work on black holes, Hawking discovered in 1970 a remarkable property. Using quantum theory and general relativity he was able to show that black holes can emit radiation. His success with proving this made him work from that time on combining the theory of general relativity with quantum theory. Lesson 9 - Against All Odds II. Stephen Hawking To be continued on the next page
II. Stephen Hawking In 1971 Hawking investigated the creation of the Universe and predicted that following the big bang, many objects as heavy as 109 tons but only the size of a proton would be created. These mini black holes have large gravitational attraction governed by general relativity while the laws of quantum mechanics would apply to objects that small Another remarkable achievement of Hawking's using these techniques was his no boundary proposal made in 1983 with Jim Hartle of Santa Barbara W BTL E To be continued on the next page
W B T L E ◼ In 1971 Hawking investigated the creation of the Universe and predicted that, following the big bang, many objects as heavy as 109 tons but only the size of a proton would be created. These mini black holes have large gravitational attraction governed by general relativity, while the laws of quantum mechanics would apply to objects that small. ◼ Another remarkable achievement of Hawking's using these techniques was his no boundary proposal made in 1983 with Jim Hartle of Santa Barbara. Lesson 9 - Against All Odds II. Stephen Hawking To be continued on the next page