Preface Ministry of Education of China issued documents in 2001 to promote bilingual teaching in universities. In recent years, bilingual education has gradually become a hot spot of reform in higher education. Many universities have participated in the bilingual education practice Thermodynamics is a discipline which governs the energy conversion and studies properties of substances as work mediums. "Engineering Thermodynamics"is involved in engineering fields, such as Power Engineering and Machinery, Aerospace, Marine Engineering, chemical engineering, Building Environment and Equipment Engineering and Refrigeration Engineering, etc. It is a fundamental course for these disciplines. And it involves basic theories and theirs applications which are very useful in research fields of the hot topics of many scholars and scientific and technical personnel at domestic and abroad. It is proper for carrying out bilingual teaching of Engineering Thermodynamics. And there are many original English teaching materials to refer. In addition bilingual teaching of Engineering Thermodynamics can help students overcome the language barrier and is very good for them to learn knowledge related to this discipline in English directly in the future. It may help to cultivate the udents' ability to participate in international exchanges. It may get better effect than teaching in Chinese. Many universities have participated in exploration and practice of bilingual education programs. Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, in which the author works, also have had several biling aching trials on this course toward undergraduates majored in Building Environment and Equipment Engineering since 2004. During the practice in the past five years, we not only used the textbook in Chinese version recommended by the Professional Steering Committee as teaching materials, but also selected the textbook "Thermodynamics(An Engineering approach) edited by Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles, 2002 copy of the fourth edition by Tsinghua University Press, as English teaching materials. This book is an excellent and well known textbook for Thermodynamics. It not only introduces the basic concepts and principles of thermodynamics and other basic knowledge, but also gives a large number of application examples and relevant content. It is informative and contemporary. It riches in charts and figures and expressed logically with pure, lively English. However, there exist significant deviations, especially the structure of the course, between the original English teaching system and Chinese teaching system of Engineering Thermodynamics". And the textbook in English version is too difficult for most of our students to read This may create great study pressure on the majority of students and have bad influence on students enthusiasm of learning a course in English directly. Thus, it is difficult to achieve a desirable teaching effect of bilingual education without a suitable textbook for them to refer Therefore, with 5 years teaching experience, we organized a group of teaching staffs and compiled this bilingual teaching material. After referring to several original English teaching materials and using bilingual teaching resources of Engineering Thermodynamics on the Internet the layout of the chapters is determined, meeting the domestic requirement on the Syllabus for "Engineering Thermodynamics"of Building Environment and Equipment Engineering major undergraduates education as well. This bilingual textbook is compiled in Chinese and English. It has systematic and integrity. And, the related knowledge and technology of using renewable energy are also briefly introduced in Chapter 12 to broaden the knowledge of student and to help them form sustainable approach to energy use. Several think problems and exercises are given in each chapter written Chinese for reference of different professions and different students at different levels This book is edited by a group of staffs in Xi an University of Architecture and Technology, Zhao
1 Preface Ministry of Education of China issued documents in 2001 to promote bilingual teaching in universities. In recent years, bilingual education has gradually become a hot spot of reform in higher education. Many universities have participated in the bilingual education practice. Thermodynamics is a discipline which governs the energy conversion and studies properties of substances as work mediums. "Engineering Thermodynamics" is involved in engineering fields, such as Power Engineering and Machinery, Aerospace, Marine Engineering, chemical engineering, Building Environment and Equipment Engineering and Refrigeration Engineering, etc. It is a fundamental course for these disciplines. And it involves basic theories and theirs applications which are very useful in research fields of the hot topics of many scholars and scientific and technical personnel at domestic and abroad. It is proper for carrying out bilingual teaching of Engineering Thermodynamics. And there are many original English teaching materials to refer. In addition, bilingual teaching of Engineering Thermodynamics can help students overcome the language barrier and is very good for them to learn knowledge related to this discipline in English directly in the future. It may help to cultivate the students’ ability to participate in international exchanges. It may get better effect than teaching in Chinese. Many universities have participated in exploration and practice of bilingual education programs. Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, in which the author works, also have had several bilingual teaching trials on this course toward undergraduates majored in Building Environment and Equipment Engineering since 2004. During the practice in the past five years, we not only used the textbook in Chinese version recommended by the Professional Steering Committee as teaching materials, but also selected the textbook "Thermodynamics (An Engineering approach)", edited by Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles, 2002 copy of the fourth edition by Tsinghua University Press, as English teaching materials. This book is an excellent and well known textbook for Thermodynamics. It not only introduces the basic concepts and principles of thermodynamics and other basic knowledge, but also gives a large number of application examples and relevant content. It is informative and contemporary. It riches in charts and figures and expressed logically with pure, lively English. However, there exist significant deviations, especially the structure of the course, between the original English teaching system and Chinese teaching system of "Engineering Thermodynamics". And the textbook in English version is too difficult for most of our students to read. This may create great study pressure on the majority of students and have bad influence on students’ enthusiasm of learning a course in English directly. Thus, it is difficult to achieve a desirable teaching effect of bilingual education without a suitable textbook for them to refer. Therefore, with 5 years teaching experience, we organized a group of teaching staffs and compiled this bilingual teaching material. After referring to several original English teaching materials and using bilingual teaching resources of Engineering Thermodynamics on the Internet, the layout of the chapters is determined, meeting the domestic requirement on the Syllabus for "Engineering Thermodynamics" of Building Environment and Equipment Engineering major undergraduates’ education as well. This bilingual textbook is compiled in Chinese and English. It has systematic and integrity. And, the related knowledge and technology of using renewable energy are also briefly introduced in Chapter 12 to broaden the knowledge of student and to help them form sustainable approach to energy use. Several think problems and exercises are given in each chapter written in Chinese for reference of different professions and different students at different levels. This book is edited by a group of staffs in Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Zhao
Lei is the chief compiler. The preface, Chapter 2, 4 and 5 are compiled by the Zhao Lei; Chapters 6, 7, 8 and 10 in English are jointly accomplished by Zhao Lei and Zhu Chang-lin; Chapter 9 in English is accomplished by Zhao Lei and Guo Ya-jun; Chapter 1 and 3 bilingually and Chapter 9 in Chinese are compiled by Guo Ya-jun; Chapters 6, 7, 8 bilingually and Chapter 10 in Chinese is compiled by Zhu Chang-lin; Chapter ll is compiled by Liu Yun-xia; Chapter 12 is compiled by the Cui Hai-hang Herewith, let us express our heartfelt thanks to Professor Liu Xian-ding of Xi'an University of rchitecture and Technology for his careful review on the manuscript. We greatly appreciate the valuable comments and revision suggestions he gave us. These are helpful for the improvement in the quality of the manuscript In addition we are also very grateful for the contribution of several graduate students, especially Liu Lei, in Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology in drawing the Figures used in this textbook Editor's academic standards and the limited teaching experience, the book will inevitably be some mistakes and wrong, and sincerely hope that readers and students to use the book valuable comments and suggestions
2 Lei is the chief compiler. The preface, Chapter 2,4 and 5 are compiled by the Zhao Lei; Chapters 6,7,8 and 10 in English are jointly accomplished by Zhao Lei and Zhu Chang-lin; Chapter 9 in English is accomplished by Zhao Lei and Guo Ya-jun; Chapter 1 and 3 bilingually and Chapter 9 in Chinese are compiled by Guo Ya-jun; Chapters 6,7,8 bilingually and Chapter 10 in Chinese is compiled by Zhu Chang-lin; Chapter 11 is compiled by Liu Yun-xia; Chapter 12 is compiled by the Cui Hai-hang. Herewith, let us express our heartfelt thanks to Professor Liu Xian-ding of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology for his careful review on the manuscript. We greatly appreciate the valuable comments and revision suggestions he gave us. These are helpful for the improvement in the quality of the manuscript. In addition, we are also very grateful for the contribution of several graduate students, especially Liu Lei, in Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology in drawing the Figures used in this textbook. Editor's academic standards and the limited teaching experience, the book will inevitably be some mistakes and wrong, and sincerely hope that readers and students to use the book valuable comments and suggestions
Table of contents Introduction 0. 1 Energy Resources and Utilization of Thermal Energy 0.2 The Studies and Main Contents of Engineering Thermodynamics 0.3 Engineering Thermodynamics Approaches Chapter 1 Basic Concepts 1.1 Thermodynamic System 3333 1.1.2 Categories of Systems 1.2 Thermodynamic States and Basic Properties 1. 2. 1 States and States Properties 1. 2. 2 Basic State Properti 1.3 Equilibrium State, State Equation and State Diagram 1.3. 1 Equilibrium State 1.3.2 The State Postulate 1.3.3 Equation of State 1.4 Quasi-equilibrium Process and Reversible Process 1. 4.1 Quasi-equilibrium Process 14.2 Reversible process 1.5 A Thermodynamic cycle 1.5. 1 Power Cycle 1.5.2 The Refrigeration Cycle Chapter 2 The First Law of Thermodynamic 2. 1 Total Energy of a System 24 2. 1. 1 Thermodynamic(Internal)Energy 2. 1. 2 Potential and Kinetic Energy 2.1.3 Total Energy and Energy Change of a System 2.2 Energy Transfer by Heat, Work or Mass 2.2. 1 Energy Transfer by Heat and by work 2.2.2 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid and enthalpy 2. 3 Energy Balance for Closed Systems 2.3. 1 Energy Balance of a Closed System 2.3.2 Corollaries of the First 2. 4 Energy Balance for Open Systems 34 2. 4. 1 Mass Balance for Open Systems 2. 4.2 Energy Balance for Open Systems. 2. 4.3 Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Processes 2-5 Some Steady-Flow Devices in Engineering Practice 2.5. 1 Turbines and Compressors 2.5.2 Heat Exchangers 2.5.3 NoZZles and Diffusers 2.5.3 Throttling Devices
3 Table of Contents Introduction ..........................................................................................................................10 0.1 Energy Resources and Utilization of Thermal Energy......................................................10 0.2 The Studies and Main Contents of Engineering Thermodynamics.....................................12 0.3 Engineering Thermodynamics Approaches ....................................................................13 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts....................................................................................................13 1.1 Thermodynamic System ..........................................................................................13 1.1.1 Thermodynamic System ....................................................................................13 1.1.2 Categories of Systems.......................................................................................14 1.1.3 Working Fluid..................................................................................................15 1.2 Thermodynamic States and Basic Properties ..........................................................15 1.2.1 States and States Properties................................................................................15 1.2.2 Basic State Properties........................................................................................16 1.3 Equilibrium State, State Equation and State Diagram ..............................................19 1.3.1 Equilibrium State..............................................................................................19 1.3.2 The State Postulate............................................................................................19 1.3.3 Equation of State ..............................................................................................20 1.4 Quasi-equilibrium Process and Reversible Process.................................................20 1.4.1 Quasi-equilibrium Process .................................................................................20 1.4.2 Reversible Process............................................................................................21 1.5 A Thermodynamic Cycle..........................................................................................22 1.5.1 Power Cycle.....................................................................................................22 1.5.2 The Refrigeration Cycle.....................................................................................23 Chapter 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics .......................................................................24 2.1 Total Energy of a System ........................................................................................24 2.1.1 Thermodynamic (Internal) Energy.......................................................................25 2.1.2 Potential and Kinetic Energy..............................................................................25 2.1.3 Total Energy and Energy Change of a System ......................................................26 2.2 Energy Transfer by Heat, Work or Mass ..................................................................26 2.2.1 Energy Transfer by Heat and by Work.................................................................26 2.2.2 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid and Enthalpy......................................................31 2.3 Energy Balance for Closed Systems........................................................................32 2.3.1 Energy Balance of a Closed System ....................................................................32 2.3.2 Corollaries of the First Law................................................................................33 2.4 Energy Balance for Open Systems..........................................................................34 2.4.1 Mass Balance for Open Systems.........................................................................34 2.4.2 Energy Balance for Open Systems.......................................................................35 2.4.3 Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Processes ..........................................................36 2–5 Some Steady-Flow Devices in Engineering Practice...............................................38 2.5.1 Turbines and Compressors .................................................................................38 2.5.2 Heat Exchangers...............................................................................................39 2.5.3 Nozzles and Diffusers........................................................................................39 2.5.3 Throttling Devices............................................................................................40
2.5.4 Mixing chambers Chapter 3 Properties and Processes of Ideal-gas 3. 1 The Ideal-gas Equation of State 3.1.1 Ideal Gas and Real Gas 3.2 Specific Heat of Ideal-gas 3. 2. 1 Specific Heat 3. 2. 2 Specific Heat of Ideal-gas 3.3 Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy of ldeal-gas 3.3. 1 Internal Energy and Enthalpy of Ideal-gas 3.2 Entropy of Ideal gases 3. 4 Thermodynamic Analysis on Typical Ideal-gas Processes 3. 4. 1 The Purpose of Thermal Processes Analysis and Methods Adopted 3.4.2 Basic Thermodynamic Processes 3.4.3 Poly-tropic Process 3.5 Ideal-gas Mixtures 3.5. 1 Temperature, Pressure and Volume of Ideal-gas Mixture 3.5.2 The Compositions of Ideal-gas Mixture 3.5.3 The Apparent Molar Mass and the Gas Constant of Ideal-gas Mixture.. 3.5.4 Partial Pressure of a Component 3.5.5 Specific Heat of Ideal-gas Mixture 3.5.6 Total Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy of Ideal-gas Mixture Chapter 4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 4.1 Essence and Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 4. 1. 1 Direction of Natural Processes and Irreversibility 4. 1.2 Essence and Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 4.2 The Carnot Cycle 4.2. 1 The Carnot's Cycle 4.2.2 The Carnot Theorems 4.2.3 The Reversed Carnot Cycle and Reversible Cycle among Thermal Reservoirs 4. 3 Entropy and the Increase of Entropy Principle 43. 1 Derivation of Entropy 4.3.2 Clausius Inequality and Entropy Change during an Irreversible Process 4.3.3 The Increase of Entropy Principle 4. 4 Entropy Balance 4. 4. 1 Entropy Generation and Entropy Transfer 4.4.2 Entropy Balance 80 4.5 Exergy and Anergy 4.5.2 Exergy Transfer and Exergy of a System. 4.6 Exergy Analysis 4.6. 1 Exergy Destruction and the Decrease of Exergy Principle 4.6.2 Exergy Balance Equation 4.6.3 Exergy Efficiency
4 2.5.4 Mixing Chambers.............................................................................................40 Chapter 3 Properties and Processes of Ideal-gas.................................................................42 3.1 The Ideal-gas Equation of State...............................................................................42 3.1.1 Ideal Gas and Real Gas......................................................................................42 3.1.2 Ideal-gas Equation of State.................................................................................42 3.2 Specific Heat of Ideal-gas........................................................................................44 3.2.1 Specific Heat....................................................................................................44 3.2.2 Specific Heat of Ideal-gas..................................................................................45 3.3 Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy of Ideal-gas .................................................50 3.3.1 Internal Energy and Enthalpy of Ideal-gas............................................................50 3.3.2 Entropy of Ideal Gases.......................................................................................50 3.4 Thermodynamic Analysis on Typical Ideal-gas Processes .......................................52 3.4.1 The Purpose of Thermal Processes Analysis and Methods Adopted .........................52 3.4.2 Basic Thermodynamic Processes ........................................................................53 3.4.3 Poly-tropic Process ...........................................................................................58 3.5 Ideal-gas Mixtures...................................................................................................62 3.5.1 Temperature, Pressure and Volume of Ideal-gas Mixture .......................................62 3.5.2 The Compositions of Ideal-gas Mixture ...............................................................63 3.5.3 The Apparent Molar Mass and the Gas Constant of Ideal-gas Mixture .....................64 3.5.4 Partial Pressure of a Component .........................................................................64 3.5.5 Specific Heat of Ideal-gas Mixture......................................................................65 3.5.6 Total Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy of Ideal-gas Mixture..........................65 Chapter 4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics ..................................................................67 4.1 Essence and Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics ...........................68 4.1.1 Direction of Natural Processes and Irreversibility..................................................68 4.1.2 Essence and Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.............................69 4.2 The Carnot Cycle.....................................................................................................70 4.2.1 The Carnot's Cycle ............................................................................................70 4.2.2 The Carnot Theorems........................................................................................72 4.2.3 The Reversed Carnot Cycle and Reversible Cycle among Thermal Reservoirs...........74 4.3 Entropy and the Increase of Entropy Principle .........................................................75 4.3.1 Derivation of Entropy........................................................................................75 4.3.2 Clausius Inequality and Entropy Change during an Irreversible Process...................77 4.3.3 The Increase of Entropy Principle .......................................................................78 4.4 Entropy Balance ......................................................................................................79 4.4.1 Entropy Generation and Entropy Transfer ............................................................79 4.4.2 Entropy Balance ...............................................................................................80 4.5 Exergy and Anergy..................................................................................................83 4.5.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................83 4.5.2 Exergy Transfer and Exergy of a System..............................................................84 4.6 Exergy Analysis .......................................................................................................88 4.6.1 Exergy Destruction and the Decrease of Exergy Principle.......................................88 4.6.2 Exergy Balance Equation...................................................................................91 4.6.3 Exergy Efficiency .............................................................................................92
Chapter 5 Real Gas and Thermodynamic Property Relations 5.1 Real-gas Equation of State 5. 1. 1 Compressibility Factor---A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior 2 Real Gas Equations of State 5.2 Mathematical Prelimin aries 5.2. 1 Some Formulas involving Partial Differentials Relations 5.2.2 General Relations for Simple Compressible Substances 5. 3 General relations for du dh and d: 5.3. 1 General Relation for Internal Energy Changes 5.3.2 General Relation for Enthalpy Changes 103 5.3.3 General Relations for Entropy Changes 5. 4 The Specific Heats c, and c 5.4.1 Differential Equation of Specific Heats c,and cp 104 5. 4.2 General Relations of Difference between c, and c 5-5 The Joule- Thomson coefficient Chapter 6 Water Vapor 错误!定义书签 6. 1 Vaporization and Condensation 错误!未定义书签 6.2 Phase Change Process of 错误!未定义书签 6.2.1 Phase Change process of Water 错误!未定义书签 6.2.2 Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes 错误!未定义书签 6.3 Water Vapor Tables 错误!未定义书签 63 1 Reference State and Reference values 错误!未定义书签。 6.3.2 Types of Steam Tables 错误!未定义书签。 6.3.3 Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture 错误!未定义书签。 6. 4 The Enthalpy -Entropy Diagram(h-s Diagram) for Steam 错误!未定义书签。 6.5 Thermodynamic Processes of Water Vapor 错误!未定义书签。 6.5.1 Isochoric Process 错误!未定义书签。 6.5.2 Isobaric Process 错误!未定义书签。 6.5.3 Isothermal Process 错误!未定义书签 6.5. 4 Adiabatic Process 错误!未定义书签 Chapter 7 Atmospheric Air 错误!未定义书签 7.1 Atmospheric Air and State Properties 错误!未定义书签 7. 1. 1 Definition of Atmospheric air(Moist air) 错误!未定义书签 7. 1.2 State of Atmospheric Air and its State Properties 错误!未定义书签 7.2 The Measurement of Relative Humidity 错误!未定义书签 7.3 Psychrometric Chart(h-d Chart) 错误!未定义书签 74 Analysis and Application of Thermodynamic Process of AtmospherIc A错误!未定义 书签。 7.4. 1 Simple Heating Proc 错误!未定义书签。 7.4.2 Simple Cooling Process 错误!未定义书签。 7.4.3 Cooling with Dehumidification 错误!未定义书签
5 Chapter 5 Real Gas and Thermodynamic Property Relations ............................................95 5.1 Real-gas Equation of State......................................................................................95 5.1.1 Compressibility Factor---A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior .............95 5.1.2 Real Gas Equations of State ...............................................................................96 5.2 Mathematical Preliminaries......................................................................................99 5.2.1 Some Formulas involving Partial Differentials Relations........................................99 5.2.2 General Relations for Simple Compressible Substances ....................................... 100 5.3 General Relations for du, dh and ds....................................................................... 102 5.3.1 General Relation for Internal Energy Changes .................................................... 102 5.3.2 General Relation for Enthalpy Changes.............................................................. 103 5.3.3 General Relations for Entropy Changes.............................................................. 104 5.4 The Specific Heats v c and p c .............................................................................. 104 5.4.1 Differential Equation of Specific Heats v c and p c ............................................... 104 5.4.2 General Relations of Difference between p c and v c ........................................... 106 5–5 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient............................................................................ 106 Chapter 6 Water Vapor ........................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 6.1 Vaporization and Condensation .................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 6.2 Phase Change Process of Water.................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 6.2.1 Phase Change Process of Water................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 6.2.2 Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes......................... 错误!未定义书签。 6.3 Water Vapor Tables ...................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 6.3.1 Reference State and Reference Values....................................... 错误!未定义书签。 6.3.2 Types of Steam Tables ............................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 6.3.3 Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture.............................................. 错误!未定义书签。 6.4 The Enthalpy - Entropy Diagram ( h s − Diagram) for Steam ........... 错误!未定义书签。 6.5 Thermodynamic Processes of Water Vapor .................................. 错误!未定义书签。 6.5.1 Isochoric Process................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 6.5.2 Isobaric Process..................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 6.5.3 Isothermal Process ................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 6.5.4 Adiabatic Process................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 Chapter 7 Atmospheric Air......................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 7.1 Atmospheric Air and State Properties............................................ 错误!未定义书签。 7.1.1 Definition of Atmospheric air (Moist air) .................................. 错误!未定义书签。 7.1.2 State of Atmospheric Air and its State Properties........................ 错误!未定义书签。 7.2 The Measurement of Relative Humidity ........................................ 错误!未定义书签。 7.3 Psychrometric Chart ( h d − Chart) ................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 7.4 Analysis and Application of Thermodynamic Process of Atmospheric Air错 误 ! 未定义 书签。 7.4.1 Simple Heating Process .......................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 7.4.2 Simple Cooling Process.......................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 7.4.3 Cooling with Dehumidification................................................ 错误!未定义书签
7. 4.4 Humidification Process 错误!未定义书签。 7. 4.5 Adiabatic Mixing of Air Streams 错误!未定义书签。 hapter 8 Gas and Vapor Flow and Compressed 错误!未定义书签 8. 1 Sonic Speed and M 错误!未定义书签 8.2 One-dimensional Isentropic Steady Flow 错误!未定义书签。 82.1 Basic Equations of One-dimensional Isentropic Steady Flow….错误!未定义书签。 822 The Relations between the Flow Velocity and the Flow area of the Duct错误!:未定义书 签 83 Calculation on the velocity through Nozzles and Nozzle design..0误!未定义书签。 8.3. 1 Stagnation Properties 错误!未定义书签。 8.3.2 Calculation and Analysis on Flow Velocity 错误!未定义书签 8.3.3 Calculation and Analysis on the mass Flow Rate 错误!未定义书签 8.3. 4 Designing and Calibrating Calculation of Nozzle 错误!未定义书签 8. 4 Duct flow with friction 错误!未定义书签 8.5 Adiabatic throttling 错误!未定义书签。 86 Compression Process of Gas in Reciprocating Compressor.误!未定义书签 8.6. 1 Theoretical Processes of Single-staged Piston Compressor 错误!未定义书签。 8.6.2 Theoretical Work Consumed by Compressor 错误!未定义书签 8. The Influence of Clearance volume 错误!未定义书签 8.6.4 Multistage Compression with Inter-cooling 错误!未定义书签 8.6. 5 Isothermal Efficiency 错误!未定义书签。 Chapter 9 Power cycle 错误!未定义书签 9. 1 Basic Steam Power Cycle-Rakine Cycle 错误!未定义书签 9.1.1 Steam Carnot cycle 错误未定义书签。 9. 1. 2 The Ideal Steam Power Cycle Rankine cycle 错误!未定义书签。 9. 2 Regenerative Cycle and Reheat Cycle 错误!未定义书签。 9. 2. 1 The Regenerative Rankine Cycle 错误!未定义书签。 9. 2. 2 The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle 错误!未定义书签。 9.3 Cogeneration 错误!未定义书签。 9.3. 1 The Ideal Cogeneration Cycle 错误!未定义书签。 9.3.2 A cogeneration plant with adjustable loads 错误!未定义书签。 9.4 Gas Power Cycle with Internal Combustion Engines 错误!未定义书签 9. 4. 1 The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines: Otto Cycle 错误!未定义书签 942 Diesel Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Compression- Ignition Engine.错误!未定义书签 9.4.3 The Dual Cycle 错误!未定义书签 9.5 Gas-Turbine Cycle 错误!未定义书签 错误!未定义书签 Chapter 10 Refrigeration Cycles 错误!未定义书签 10.1 The Reversed Carnot Cycle 错误!未定义书签。 10.2 Air Refrigeration cycles 错误!未定义书签。 10.3 The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 错误!未定义书签 10.3. 1 The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 错误!未定义书签。 10.3.2 The Factors Affecting the System Performance 错误!未定义书签。 10.4 Heat Pump Systems 错误!未定义书签。 6
6 7.4.4 Humidification Process........................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 7.4.5 Adiabatic Mixing of Air Streams.............................................. 错误!未定义书签。 Chapter 8 Gas and Vapor Flow and Compressed ...................................... 错误!未定义书签。 8.1 Sonic Speed and Mach number.................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 8.2 One-dimensional Isentropic Steady Flow...................................... 错误!未定义书签。 8.2.1 Basic Equations of One-dimensional Isentropic Steady Flow....... 错误!未定义书签。 8.2.2 The Relations between the Flow Velocity and the Flow area of the Duct错误!未定义书 签。 8.3 Calculation on the Velocity through Nozzles and Nozzle Design ... 错误!未定义书签。 8.3.1 Stagnation Properties.............................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 8.3.2 Calculation and Analysis on Flow Velocity................................ 错误!未定义书签。 8.3.3 Calculation and Analysis on the Mass Flow Rate........................ 错误!未定义书签。 8.3. 4 Designing and Calibrating Calculation of Nozzle ...................... 错误!未定义书签。 8.4 Duct Flow with Friction.................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 8.5 Adiabatic throttling ........................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 8.6 Compression Process of Gas in Reciprocating Compressor ......... 错误!未定义书签。 8.6.1 Theoretical Processes of Single-staged Piston Compressor .......... 错误!未定义书签。 8.6.2 Theoretical Work Consumed by Compressor ............................. 错误!未定义书签。 8.6.3 The Influence of Clearance Volume.......................................... 错误!未定义书签。 8.6.4 Multistage Compression with Inter-cooling............................... 错误!未定义书签。 8.6.5 Isothermal Efficiency ............................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 Chapter 9 Power cycle .............................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 9.1 Basic Steam Power Cycle—Rakine Cycle .................................... 错误!未定义书签。 9.1.1 Steam Carnot cycle ................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 9.1.2 The Ideal Steam Power Cycle Rankine cycle ............................. 错误!未定义书签。 9.2 Regenerative Cycle and Reheat Cycle ......................................... 错误!未定义书签。 9.2.1 The Regenerative Rankine Cycle ............................................. 错误!未定义书签。 9.2.2 The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle .............................................. 错误!未定义书签。 9.3 Cogeneration................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 9.3.1 The Ideal Cogeneration Cycle.................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 9.3.2 A cogeneration plant with adjustable loads ................................ 错误!未定义书签。 9.4 Gas Power Cycle with Internal Combustion Engines..................... 错误!未定义书签。 9.4.1 The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines: Otto Cycle.............. 错误!未定义书签。 9.4.2 Diesel Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Compression-Ignition Engine .. 错误!未定义书签。 9.4.3 The Dual Cycle...................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 9.5 Gas-Turbine Cycle........................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 9.6 Combined Gas-Vapor Cycle ......................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 Chapter 10 Refrigeration Cycles................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 10.1 The Reversed Carnot Cycle........................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 10.2 Air Refrigeration cycles............................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 10.3 The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle...................... 错误!未定义书签。 10.3.1 The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle ................... 错误!未定义书签。 10.3.2 The Factors Affecting the System Performance ........................ 错误!未定义书签。 10.4 Heat Pump Systems ................................................................... 错误!未定义书签
10.5 Other Refrigeration Cycles 错误!未定义书签。 10.5. 1 Absorption Refrigeration Systems 错误!未定义书签。 10.5.2 Ejector Refrigeration Cycle 错误!未定义书签 chapter 11 Elementary chemical Thermodynamics 错误!未定义书签。 11. 1 Introducti 错误!未定义书签 11-2 First-Law Analysis on Reacting Systems 错误!未定义书签。 11.2. 1 Closed System 错误!未定义书签 11.2.2 Steady-Flow System 错误!未定义书签 113 Calculation of the reaction heat and the reaction heat effect.错误!未定义书签。 11.3. 1 Enthalpy of Formation 错误!未定义书签。 11.3.2 Calculation of the Reaction Heat at Ce 错误!未定义书签 1133 Calculation of the Reaction Heat during a non- isothermal process错误!未定义书签。 11.3.4 Theoretical Combustion Temperature 错误!未定义书签 11.4 Second-law Analysis on Reacting Systems 错误!未定义书签。 11. 4. 1 Free Energy and Maximum Useful Work 错误!未定义书签。 11.4.2 Free Enthalpy and Maximum Useful Work 错误!未定义书签 115 Chemical Equilibriun, Equilibrium Constant and Le Chatelier's principle错误!未定义 书签。 11.5. 1 Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant 错误!未定义书签 11.5.2 Criteria of Equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle 错误!未定义书签 11.6 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 错误!未定义书签。 Chapter 12 Renewable Energy and its Applications 错误!未定义书签 12. 1 Renewable Energy Resources 错误!未定义书签 ower 错误未定义书签。 12. 1.2 Wind Energy 错误!未定义书签。 12.1.3 Biomass Energy. 错误!未定义书签。 12. 1.4 Solar Energy 错误!未定义书签。 12. 1. 5 Geothermal Technology 错误!未定义书签。 12.1.6 Hydrogen Energy 错误!未定义书签。 12.2 Application of Solar Energy 错误!未定义书签。 12.2. 1 Photo-Thermal Utilizing of Solar Energy 错误!未定义书签。 12.2.2 Photo-Electric Utilizing of Solar Energy 错误!未定义书签 12. 2. 3 Hydrogen Production by Solar Energy 错误!未定义书签。 12.3 Geothermal Technology 错误!未定义书签 12.3. Direct Utilizing of Low Temperature Geothermal Energy-.误!未定义书签 错误!未定义书签 12. 3. 3 Geothermal Power Generation 错误!未定义书签 4 Fuel Cell and Hydrogen 错误!未定义书签 12.4. 1 Principle of Fuel Cell 错误!未定义书签。 12.4.2 Applications of Fuel cell 错误!未定义书签。 0. 1 Energy Resources and Utilization of Thermal Energy 0. 2 The Studies and Main Contents of Engineering Thermodynamics 0.3E
7 10.5 Other Refrigeration Cycles.......................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 10.5.1 Absorption Refrigeration Systems .......................................... 错误!未定义书签。 10.5.2 Ejector Refrigeration Cycle ................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 Chapter11 Elementary Chemical Thermodynamics .................................... 错误!未定义书签。 11.1 Introduction................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 11-2 First-Law Analysis on Reacting Systems..................................... 错误!未定义书签。 11.2.1 Closed System ..................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 11.2.2 Steady-Flow Systems............................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 11.3 Calculation of the Reaction Heat and the Reaction Heat Effect ... 错误!未定义书签。 11.3.1 Enthalpy of Formation.......................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 11.3.2 Calculation of the Reaction Heat at Constant Temperature......... 错误!未定义书签。 11.3.3 Calculation of the Reaction Heat during a Non-isothermal Process错误!未定义书签。 11.3.4 Theoretical Combustion Temperature...................................... 错误!未定义书签。 11.4 Second-law Analysis on Reacting Systems ................................. 错误!未定义书签。 11.4.1 Free Energy and Maximum Useful Work................................. 错误!未定义书签。 11.4.2 Free Enthalpy and Maximum Useful Work .............................. 错误!未定义书签。 11.5 Chemical Equilibrium, Equilibrium Constant and Le Chatelier's principle错误!未定义 书签。 11.5.1 Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant...................... 错误!未定义书签。 11.5.2 Criteria of Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle.................. 错误!未定义书签。 11.6 The Third Law of Thermodynamics ............................................. 错误!未定义书签。 Chapter 12 Renewable Energy and its Applications................................... 错误!未定义书签。 12.1 Renewable Energy Resources.................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 12.1.1 Hydropower ........................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 12.1.2 Wind Energy ....................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 12.1.3 Biomass Energy................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 12.1.4 Solar Energy........................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 12.1.5 Geothermal Technology ........................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 12.1.6 Hydrogen Energy................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 12.2 Application of Solar Energy......................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 12.2.1 Photo-Thermal Utilizing of Solar Energy ................................ 错误!未定义书签。 12.2.2 Photo-Electric Utilizing of Solar Energy ................................. 错误!未定义书签。 12.2.3 Hydrogen Production by Solar Energy.................................... 错误!未定义书签。 12.3 Geothermal Technology.............................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 12.3.1 Direct Utilizing of Low Temperature Geothermal Energy.......... 错误!未定义书签。 12.3.2 Geothermal Exchange System................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 12.3.3 Geothermal Power Generation ............................................... 错误!未定义书签。 12.4 Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy.................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 12.4.1 Principle of Fuel Cell............................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 12.4.2 Applications of Fuel cell ....................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................10 0.1 Energy Resources and Utilization of Thermal Energy......................................................10 0.2 The Studies and Main Contents of Engineering Thermodynamics.....................................12 0.3 Engineering Thermodynamics Approaches ....................................................................13
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts 1.1 Thermodynamic System 2 Categories of Systems 1.1.3Wo 1.2 Thermodynamic States and Basic Properties 1. 2. 1 States and States Properties 1. 2. 2 Basic State Properties 1.3 Equilibrium State, State Equation and State Diagram 3345556999 1.3. 1 Equilibrium State 1.3.2 The State Postulate 1.4 Quasi-equilibrium Process and Reversible Process 1. 4. 1 Quasi-equilibrium Process 1.42 Reversible process 1.5 A Thermodynamic Cycle 222 1. 5. 1 Power Cycle 1.5.2 The Refrigeration Cycle 23 Chapter 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 24 2.1 Total Energy of a System 2. 1. 1 Thermodynamic(Internal)Energy 2. 1. 2 Potential and Kinetic Energy 2.1.3 Total Energy and Energy Change of a System 2.2 Energy Transfer by Heat, Work or Mass 2.2. 1 Energy Transfer by Heat and by Work 2.2.2 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid and Enthalpy 2.3 Energy Balance for Closed Systems 2.3. 1 Energy Balance of a Closed System 2.3.2 Corollaries of the First Lay 2. 4 Energy Balance for Open Systems 2. 4. 1 Mass Balance for Open Systems 2.4.2 Energy Balance for Open Systems. 2.4.3 Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Processes 2-5 Some Steady-Flow Devices in Engineering Practice 2.5. 1 Turbines and Compressors 38 2.5.2 Heat Exchangers 2.5.3 NoZZles and Diffuse 2.5.3 Throttling devices 2.5.4 Mixing Chambers Chapter 3 Properties and Processes of Ideal-gas 3. 1 The Ideal-gas Equation of State 3. 1. 1 Ideal Gas and Real gas 3. 1.2 Ideal-gas Equation of State 3.2 Specific Heat of Ideal-gas
8 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts....................................................................................................13 1.1 Thermodynamic System ..........................................................................................13 1.1.1 Thermodynamic System ....................................................................................13 1.1.2 Categories of Systems.......................................................................................14 1.1.3 Working Fluid..................................................................................................15 1.2 Thermodynamic States and Basic Properties ..........................................................15 1.2.1 States and States Properties................................................................................15 1.2.2 Basic State Properties........................................................................................16 1.3 Equilibrium State, State Equation and State Diagram ..............................................19 1.3.1 Equilibrium State..............................................................................................19 1.3.2 The State Postulate............................................................................................19 1.3.3 Equation of State ..............................................................................................20 1.4 Quasi-equilibrium Process and Reversible Process.................................................20 1.4.1 Quasi-equilibrium Process .................................................................................20 1.4.2 Reversible Process............................................................................................21 1.5 A Thermodynamic Cycle..........................................................................................22 1.5.1 Power Cycle.....................................................................................................22 1.5.2 The Refrigeration Cycle.....................................................................................23 Chapter 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics .......................................................................24 2.1 Total Energy of a System ........................................................................................24 2.1.1 Thermodynamic (Internal) Energy.......................................................................25 2.1.2 Potential and Kinetic Energy..............................................................................25 2.1.3 Total Energy and Energy Change of a System ......................................................26 2.2 Energy Transfer by Heat, Work or Mass ..................................................................26 2.2.1 Energy Transfer by Heat and by Work.................................................................26 2.2.2 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid and Enthalpy......................................................31 2.3 Energy Balance for Closed Systems........................................................................32 2.3.1 Energy Balance of a Closed System ....................................................................32 2.3.2 Corollaries of the First Law................................................................................33 2.4 Energy Balance for Open Systems..........................................................................34 2.4.1 Mass Balance for Open Systems.........................................................................34 2.4.2 Energy Balance for Open Systems.......................................................................35 2.4.3 Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Processes ..........................................................36 2–5 Some Steady-Flow Devices in Engineering Practice...............................................38 2.5.1 Turbines and Compressors .................................................................................38 2.5.2 Heat Exchangers...............................................................................................39 2.5.3 Nozzles and Diffusers........................................................................................39 2.5.3 Throttling Devices............................................................................................40 2.5.4 Mixing Chambers.............................................................................................40 Chapter 3 Properties and Processes of Ideal-gas.................................................................42 3.1 The Ideal-gas Equation of State...............................................................................42 3.1.1 Ideal Gas and Real Gas......................................................................................42 3.1.2 Ideal-gas Equation of State.................................................................................42 3.2 Specific Heat of Ideal-gas........................................................................................44
3.2. 1 Specific Heat 3.2.2 Specific Heat of Ideal-gas 3.3 Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy of Ideal-gas 3.3. 1 Internal Energy and Enthalpy of Ideal-gas 3.3. 2 Entropy of Ideal Gases 3. 4 Thermodynamic Analysis on Typical Ideal-gas Processes 3. 4. 1 The Purpose of Thermal Processes Analysis and Methods Adopted 3.4.2 Basic Thermodynamic Processes 3.4.3 Poly-tropic Proces 3.5 Ideal-gas Mixtures 3.5.1 Temperature, Pressure and Volume of Ideal-gas Mixture 3.5.2 The Compositions of Ideal-gas Mixture 223860666 3.5.3 The Apparent Molar Mass and the gas Constant of Ideal-gas Mixture 3.5. 4 Partial Pressure of a Component 3.5.5 Specific Heat of Ideal-gas Mixture 3.5.6 Total Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy of Ideal-gas Mixture. Chapter 4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 4. 1 Essence and Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 4.1. 1 Direction of Natural Processes and irreversibility 4. 1.2 Essence and Statements of the Second law of Thermodynamics 69 4.2 The Carnot Cycle 4.2. 1 The Carnot's Cycle 4.2.2 The Carnot Theorems ⑩24 4.2.3 The Reversed Carnot Cycle and Reversible Cycle among Thermal Reservoirs 4. 3 Entropy and the Increase of Entropy Principle 4.3. 1 Derivation of Entropy 4.3.2 Clausius Inequality and Entropy Change during an Irreversible Process 4.3.3 The Increase of Entropy Principle 4. 4 Entropy Balance 4.4. 1 Entropy Generation and Entropy Transfer 4.4.2 Entropy Balance 4.5 Exergy and Anergy 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 Exergy Transfer and Exergy of a System. 4.6 Exergy Analysis 78990338889 4.6. 1 Exergy Destruction and the Decrease of Exergy Principle 4.6.2 Exergy Balance Equation 4.6.3 Exergy Efficiency hapter 5 Real Gas and Thermodynamic Property Relations 5. 1 Real-gas Equation of State 5. 1. 1 Compressibility Factor---A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior 5.1.2 Real Gas Equations of State 5.2 Mathematical Prelimin aries 5.2. 1 Some Formulas involving Partial Differentials Relations
9 3.2.1 Specific Heat....................................................................................................44 3.2.2 Specific Heat of Ideal-gas..................................................................................45 3.3 Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy of Ideal-gas .................................................50 3.3.1 Internal Energy and Enthalpy of Ideal-gas............................................................50 3.3.2 Entropy of Ideal Gases.......................................................................................50 3.4 Thermodynamic Analysis on Typical Ideal-gas Processes .......................................52 3.4.1 The Purpose of Thermal Processes Analysis and Methods Adopted .........................52 3.4.2 Basic Thermodynamic Processes ........................................................................53 3.4.3 Poly-tropic Process ...........................................................................................58 3.5 Ideal-gas Mixtures...................................................................................................62 3.5.1 Temperature, Pressure and Volume of Ideal-gas Mixture .......................................62 3.5.2 The Compositions of Ideal-gas Mixture ...............................................................63 3.5.3 The Apparent Molar Mass and the Gas Constant of Ideal-gas Mixture .....................64 3.5.4 Partial Pressure of a Component .........................................................................64 3.5.5 Specific Heat of Ideal-gas Mixture......................................................................65 3.5.6 Total Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy of Ideal-gas Mixture..........................65 Chapter 4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics ..................................................................67 4.1 Essence and Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics ...........................68 4.1.1 Direction of Natural Processes and Irreversibility..................................................68 4.1.2 Essence and Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.............................69 4.2 The Carnot Cycle.....................................................................................................70 4.2.1 The Carnot's Cycle ............................................................................................70 4.2.2 The Carnot Theorems........................................................................................72 4.2.3 The Reversed Carnot Cycle and Reversible Cycle among Thermal Reservoirs...........74 4.3 Entropy and the Increase of Entropy Principle .........................................................75 4.3.1 Derivation of Entropy........................................................................................75 4.3.2 Clausius Inequality and Entropy Change during an Irreversible Process...................77 4.3.3 The Increase of Entropy Principle .......................................................................78 4.4 Entropy Balance ......................................................................................................79 4.4.1 Entropy Generation and Entropy Transfer ............................................................79 4.4.2 Entropy Balance ...............................................................................................80 4.5 Exergy and Anergy..................................................................................................83 4.5.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................83 4.5.2 Exergy Transfer and Exergy of a System..............................................................84 4.6 Exergy Analysis .......................................................................................................88 4.6.1 Exergy Destruction and the Decrease of Exergy Principle.......................................88 4.6.2 Exergy Balance Equation...................................................................................91 4.6.3 Exergy Efficiency .............................................................................................92 Chapter 5 Real Gas and Thermodynamic Property Relations ............................................95 5.1 Real-gas Equation of State......................................................................................95 5.1.1 Compressibility Factor---A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior .............95 5.1.2 Real Gas Equations of State ...............................................................................96 5.2 Mathematical Preliminaries......................................................................................99 5.2.1 Some Formulas involving Partial Differentials Relations........................................99
5.2.2 General Relations for Simple Compressible Substances 5.3 General relations for du dh and ds. 5.3. 1 General Relation for Internal Energy Changes 5.3.3 General Relations for Entropy Changes 104 5.4 The Specific Heats c, and c 5.4. 1 Differential Equation of Specific Heats c, and cp 5.4.2 General Relations of Difference between c and c 106 5-5 The Joule- Thomson Coefficient Appendix/附录错误!未定义书签 Properties of saturated water and vapor( by temperature) Table a1..误!未定义书签 Properties of saturated water and vapor( by pressure) Table a-2.….错误!未定义书签 Properties of unsaturated water and superheated vapor(by pressure and temperature) Table A-3 错误!未定义书签。 Appendix Fi Properties of Saturated Moist Air at 0. 1MPa Table A-4 错误!未定义书签 Properties of saturated refrigerant R1a( by temperature) Table a 错误!未定义书签 Properties of saturated refrigerant R134a( by pressure)) able a-6…….错误!未定义书签。 Append ix Figure-2 错误l未定义书签。 Properties of superheated refrigerant R134a vapor(by pressure and temperature) Table A-7231 Introduction 0. 1 Energy Resources and utilization of Thermal energy Thermodynamics is a branch of science which studies the physical properties of substances and the rules governing energy transformation. In consideration of the urgent need of project practice, large, efficient heat engines are explored and engineering thermodynamics becomes an important branch of thermodynamics. It focuses on the rule which governs the energy transformation from thermal energ to mechanical energy. And it is a very important fundamental base for engineering In nature, all kinds of activities concern mass and energy interactions. There are large amount of energy resources, such as wind-power resources, waterpower resources, chemical energy stored in
10 5.2.2 General Relations for Simple Compressible Substances ....................................... 100 5.3 General Relations for du, dh and ds....................................................................... 102 5.3.1 General Relation for Internal Energy Changes .................................................... 102 5.3.2 General Relation for Enthalpy Changes.............................................................. 103 5.3.3 General Relations for Entropy Changes.............................................................. 104 5.4 The Specific Heats v c and p c .............................................................................. 104 5.4.1 Differential Equation of Specific Heats v c and p c ............................................... 104 5.4.2 General Relations of Difference between p c and v c ........................................... 106 5–5 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient............................................................................ 106 Appendix/附录 错误!未定义书签。 Properties of saturated water and vapor (by temperature) Table A 1.......... 错误!未定义书签。 Properties of saturated water and vapor (by pressure) Table A-2......... 错误!未定义书签。 Properties of unsaturated water and superheated vapor(by pressure and temperature) Table A-3 .......................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 Appendix Figure-1 225 Properties of Saturated Moist Air at 0.1MPa Table A-4......... 错误!未定义书签。 Properties of saturated refrigerant R134a ( by temperature) Table A-5 ........ 错误!未定义书签。 Properties of saturated refrigerant R134a (by pressure) Table A-6....... 错误!未定义书签。 Appendix Figure-2 .......................................... 错误!未定义书签。 Properties of superheated refrigerant R134a vapor (by pressure and temperature) Table A-７231 Introduction 0.1 Energy Resources and Utilization of Thermal Energy Thermodynamics is a branch of science which studies the physical properties of substances and the rules governing energy transformation. In consideration of the urgent need of project practice, large, efficient heat engines are explored and engineering thermodynamics becomes an important branch of thermodynamics. It focuses on the rule which governs the energy transformation from thermal energy to mechanical energy. And it is a very important fundamental base for engineering. In nature, all kinds of activities concern mass and energy interactions. There are large amount of energy resources, such as wind-power resources, waterpower resources, chemical energy stored in