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⼈ ⼯ 智 能 rén gōng zhì néng Artificial Intelligence
什么是人工智能? 人工 1.The writing hand is powered by two clockwork motors 3.The styluses in tum drive a series of rods One tums a set of brass disks-or cams-arranged in providing motion.There is a separate stylus banks of three dedicated sets.The other (shown above) for each direction:forward and back,side to moves the cam assembly left and right side and up and down. + 智能 2.Each of the writing hand's 72 cams 4.The head,eyes and left arm are con- has a pattem cut into its edge corre- trolled by an integrated mechanism that sponding to specific am movements. takes its cues from a pair of cams.The As the cams rotate.metal styluses cams are operated by the same rota-tional read the data motor as the drawing cams. Maillardet's automaton 1800
什么是⼈⼯智能? ⼈ ⼯ + 智 能 Maillardet's automaton 1800
ON COMPUTABLE NUMBERS,WITH AN APPLICATION TO THE ENTSCHEIDUNGSPROBLEM By A.M.TURING. [Received 28 May,1936.-Read 12 November,1936.] The "computable"numbers may be described briefly as the real numbers whose expressions as a decimal are calculable by finite means. Although the subject of this paper is ostensibly the computable numbers. it is almost equally easy to define and investigate computable functions of an integral variable or a real or computable variable,computable 图灵 (1912-1954)
230 A. M. TUKING [Nov. 12, ON COMPUTABLE NUMBERS, WITH AN APPLICATION TO THE ENTSCHEIDUNGSPROBLEM By A. M. TURING. [Received 28 May, 1936.—Read 12 November, 1936.] The "computable" numbers may be described briefly as the real numbers whose expressions as a decimal are calculable by finite means. Although the subject of this paper is ostensibly the computable numbers. it is almost equally easy to define and investigate computable functions of an integral variable or a real or computable variable, computable predicates, and so forth. The fundamental problems involved are, however, the same in each case, and I have chosen the computable numbers for explicit treatment as involving the least cumbrous technique. I hope shortly to give an account of the relations of the computable numbers, functions, and so forth to one another. This will include a development of the theory of functions of a real variable expressed in terms of computable numbers. According to my definition, a number is computable if its decimal can be written down by a machine. In §§ 9, 10 I give some arguments with the intention of showing that the computable numbers include all numbers which could naturally be regarded as computable. In particular, I show that certain large classes of numbers are computable. They include, for instance, the real parts of all algebraic numbers, the real parts of the zeros of the Bessel functions, the numbers IT, e, etc. The computable numbers do not, however, include all definable numbers, and an example is given of a definable number which is not computable. Although the class of computable numbers is so great, and in many Avays similar to the class of real numbers, it is nevertheless enumerable. In § 81 examine certain arguments which would seem to prove the contrary. By the correct application of one of these arguments, conclusions are reached which are superficially similar to those of Gbdelf. These results f Godel, " Uber formal unentscheidbare Satze der Principia Mathematica und ver- •vvandter Systeme, I" . Monatsheftc Math. Phys., 38 (1931), 173-198. 图灵 (1912—1954)