这一部分将简要论述我们所采用的研究方法。我们的首要任务是从历史事实 中归纳规律,揭示汉语语法发展的具体过程。但是要完成这一任务,必须有一个适 合描写汉语语法史的理论框架。尽管我们认为新近的历史语言学理论语法化最适 合于我们的研究目标,但是该理论的建立主要是基于对印欧语言历史发展的考察, 因此不能简单照搬,必须加以修正以适合汉语的情况

第一节语音概说 一、语音和语音 (一)什么是语音 语音是语言的物质外壳,是由人的发音器官发出的代表一定意义的声音。由此看出语音与其他声音的区别 1.语音是人的发音器官发出的声音。 2语音是代表一定意义的声音,它同语义紧密地联系在一起 。它有别于也是人的发音器官发出而无意义的声音,如咳 嗽、喷嚏、呼噜等

第三节词法 一、词法中帝用的手段 (一)构形法 1.词表示语法意义的形式变化,称为构形形态 2.构成构形形态的方法叫做构形法,语法手段中的综合性手段都可用于构形,即包括附加、内部屈折重叠、异根、重音移位等

The Problem of Induction Although James and Clifford disagree about the reasonableness of belief in a special class of propositions(when they constitute a genuine choice for us), they agree that in the majority of cases empirical investigation and the scientific pursuit of evidence is at least a, if not the proper way to proceed in forming beliefs. It

Evidentialism(Clifford): \It is wrong abways, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence\ (p.113) Pragmatism(James): Faced with a genuine choice about what to believe, and where evidence does not decide the matter, we are free to decide it however we want. Oour passional nature not only lawfully may, but must, decide an option between propositions, whenever it is a genuine option that cannot by its nature be decided on intellectual grounds. (127) In the relevant cases, we are not

Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Phonology Chapter 3 Morphology Chapter 4 Syntax Chapter 5 Semantics Chapter 6 Pragmatics Chapter 7 Language Change Chapter 8 Language and society Chapter 9 Language and culture Chapter 10 Language acquisition Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition

1. The\Wager\and the Practical Rationality Principle Practical Rationality Principle: The practically rational thing to do is the thing with the highest expected value(or utility \) Version A: Do the thing with higher expected value than all its competitors --In the case of a tie, neither action/belief is permitted Version B: Find the actions with highest expected value and perform whichever of them you like --In the case of a tie, Theism is practically rational. Just like choosing pie over cake 2. Evidentialism(Clifford)

24.00: Problems of Philosophy Prof. Sally Haslanger September 19, 2001 Evil and the Free Will Defense Review of the Problem 1)If God exists, she'd be OOG. [By hypothesis] )If an OOG being exists, there would be no evil. [from 1] 3)God exists. [Suppose]

September 12, 2001 The Problem of Evil Last time we considered the ontological argument for the existence of God. If the argument is cogent, then we have reason to be rational theists, i.e., to maintain that there are justifying reasons for belief in God's existence. Today we're going to consider an argument for atheism which purports to show that theism is incoherent, i.e., that theism entails a contradiction. If the argument works, then the only option available to the theist would be irrational theism: belief in God's existence in spite of justifying reasons supporting

第三节文字的借用和改革 一、文字的借用二、文字的改革 文字的改革有两种: 一是在原有文字的基础上增减字或字母的数量,改变部分字或字母的写法,改变字母拼写方式以及改变文字书写的顺序方向等; 二是文字体系的更换,或者不改变原有的拼音性质,只把整套字母更换为另一套字母。前者可以称为改进,后者可以称为改革