第一节 土的抗剪强度概述 第二节 抗剪强度的测定方法 第四节 土的抗剪强度指标

一、天然药物化学的含义 二、天然药物化学的研究内容 三、天然药物化学在天然药物研究中的作用 四、天然药物化学与其它相关学科的关系 五、天然药物化学的研究方向

一、电子技术的发展 二、模拟信号与模拟电路 三、“模拟电子技术基础”课程的特点 四、如何学习这门课程 五、课程的目的 六、考查方法

1.1 生态经济学的形成与发展 1.2 生态经济学的研究对象、性质与特点 1.3 生态经济学研究内容、方法和学科体系 1.4 生态经济学和其他相关学科的关系 1.5 现阶段加强我国生态经济学研究的意义

• Ⅰ. Reasons • Ⅱ.English passive: • Syntactic passive(结构被动) • Notional passive (意义被动) • E.g. • 1）She dressed beautifully. • (She is dressed beautifully.) • 2 ）These products sell like hot cakes. (These products are sold like hot cakes. ) • Ⅲ. Chinese passive • Marked passive • Unmarked passive • Ⅳ. E-C Translation • 1. E:译为C的主动句或Unmarked passive • 2. E: 译为C的Marked passive • 3. E: 译为C的被动句的转化形式（Chinese passive may be expressed by other structure）

• Ⅰ. Amplification in English-Chinese translation • Amplification means to add necessary words, phrases, clauses or sentences to the translated text in purpose of making it consistent with the target language in meaning, grammar and culture connotation. Amplification does not add new information to the message and only help understand the text. In this part we will analyze how to use amplification to achieve equivalence in English-Chinese translation in these three levels, i.e. syntactic, semantic, and rhetorical. • 1) Her tone was more friendly than David’s (tone). • 2) She sang her sweetest (song). • 3) Shall I write my name on, above or below the line?

§1. 数字化制造技术的基本概念 §2. 数字化制造技术的发展背景 §3. 数字化制造技术的相关概念 §4. 数字化制造技术的体系结构 §5. 数字化制造技术的作用与意义

• This chapter is chiefly concerned with the transformation rules between various parts of speech in English-Chinese translation, including the transformation of nouns, verbs, prepositions, adjectives, adverbs in English

• Ⅰ. Nida’s analysis of the process of translation • (1) analysis of the source text • (2) transfer from the source to the target language • (3) restructuring in the target language • (4) testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended（future） audience

Two tendencies often occur in the process of translation. One is going after smooth reading and beautiful language at the expense of the true meaning of the original, the other is rigidly sticking to the original words, and the translation turns out to be obscure [ əb'skjuə ] 难解的,含糊的and hard to understand