8.1 Standards and Calibration 8.2 Thermo-Expansion Methods 8.3 Thermoelectric sensors (Thermocouples) 8.4 Electrical-Resistance Sensors 8.5 Junction Semiconductor Sensors 8.6 Digital Thermometers 8.7 Radiation Methods 8.8 Temperature-Measuring Problems in Flowing Fluids 8.9 Dynamic Response of Temperature Sensors 8.10 Heat Flux Sensors