一、检测器特性 specific property of detector 二、热导检测器TCD thermal conductivity detector 三、氢火焰离子化检测器 flame ionization detector, FID 四、电子捕获检测器 electron capture detector, ECD 五、其他检测器 other detector

一、X-射线荧光的产生 creation of X-ray fluorescence 二、X-射线荧光光谱仪 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer 三、应用 applications

The most characteristic reactions of benzenoid arenes are the substitution reactions that occur when they react with electrophilic reagents. The electrophiles are either a positive ion (E+) or some other electron-deficient species with a large partial positive charge

Wave motion is the most universal physical phenomenon, we discover the wave motion all around us. Mechanical waves—acoustic wave, water wave Electromagnetic waves—radio, light wave Matter waves—electron wave

JB=Beam ion (and neutralizer electron current) JE=cathode emitted current Jc=ion current to cathode- potential surfaces JD=current through disch. power supply

Generation of ATP by using a across- membrane proton gradient, which is generated from electron flowing through a chain of carriers

1.1 The element carbon has atomic number 6, and so it has a total of six electrons. Two of these elec- tr rons are in the Is level. The four electrons in the 2s and 2p levels (the valence shell) are the valence electrons. Carbon has four valence electrons 1.2 Electron configurations of elements are derived by applying the following principles:

Acid-base reaction: Transfer of proton Oxidation and reduction: transfer of electron

根据激发源的不同,电子能谱又分为: 射线光电子能谱(简称xPS) (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometer) 紫外光电子能谱(简称UPS) (Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectrometer) 俄歇电子能谱(简称AES) (Auger Electron Spectrometer)

dissociation and reconstitution studies Abundant knoblike protruding structures were observed on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane by EM (Racker in 1960). The inside-out submitochondrial particles with the knobs\ are capable of both electron transferring and ATP synthesis