一、词 (一)词及其特点 语言中能够独立运用的最小的音义结合单位提示:在词的定义中,“独立运用”区分了词和语素,“最小的”区分了词和词组。 1.词在语音方面,有完整、固定的结构 2.词的意义是完整、不可分割的。 (二)词与非词结构上是一个不可分割的整体。 (1)语素的意义不太明确太稳 1.词与语素的区分 (2)语素不能独立运用独立成句

第五节语境 一、语境及其分类 （一)什么是语境语境就是语言环境 （二)语境的类型 1.一种是狭义的语境,指具体交际中的口语的前言后语或书面语的上下文; 2.一种是广义语境,指交际时的具体环境,还包括社会、民族、文化、时代、经济、政治、风俗习惯等。 二、语境对语义的作用 1.确定词语的具体意义。 2.帮助选择同义词,限制说话人的说话方式。 3.影响词语的感情色彩。 4.填补丰富词语意义

第四节韵律特征 一、什么叫韵律特征 语音中除音质特征之外的音高、音强和音长方面的变化,即语言运用中的抑扬顿挫的现象叫韵律特征,也叫超音质特征。 韵律特征特点 1.无论是声调、轻重音、长短音还是语调,它们自身不能独立存在,必须与音质成分同现。 2.韵律特征都是对比性特征,对韵律特征而言,重要的不是音高、音长或音强的绝对值,而是它们的相对值,他们的相对变化幅度

第一节语音概说 一、语音和语音 (一)什么是语音 语音是语言的物质外壳,是由人的发音器官发出的代表一定意义的声音。由此看出语音与其他声音的区别 1.语音是人的发音器官发出的声音。 2语音是代表一定意义的声音,它同语义紧密地联系在一起 。它有别于也是人的发音器官发出而无意义的声音,如咳 嗽、喷嚏、呼噜等

Prof. Sally Haslanger December 2, 2001 Kantian Ethics (and more on famine) So far we've looked at egoist and utilitarian approaches to ethics. The main objection we considered to egoism was that it failed to accommodate the common sense idea that morality involves a kind of impartiality, at the very least it seems that

Particularism and virtue ethics I. Universalism and Particularism We've considered before some basic questions that we would expect a moral theory to answer i)Which acts are right and which are wrong? Which acts ought we to perform(understanding the\ought\as a moral

December 10. 2001 (Meta-Ethical Subjectivism(or Non-cognitivism) For the past couple of weeks we have been focusing on the following questions i)Which acts are right and which are wrong? Which acts ought we to perform? ii)What makes an action right or wrong? What about the action determines its moral status? Our third question has received less attention

November 21, 2001 Ethical Egoism Here are three questions (of course there are others)we might want an ethical theory to answer for us: i)Which acts are right and which are wrong? Which acts ought we to perform(understandir the\ought\ as moral \ought\)? ii)What makes a particular action right or wrong? What is it about the action that determines its moral status? ii)How do we know what is right and wrong? Remember that according to relativism, whether an action is right or wrong

November 29, 2001 Duty and Famine: Singer Last time we considered Mill's version of Utilitarianism, called Eudaimonistic Utilitarianism characterized by what he calls \the greatest-happiness principle\: You ought always to act so as to maximize happiness, i.e., the right act is the act that results in the greatest amount of happiness overall. The \greatest-happiness principle\, however, just states one version of Utilitarianism. Other versions of

Utilitarianism Last time we considered three questions one might ask an ethical theory to answer i)Which acts are right and which are wrong? Which acts ought we to perform(understanding the\ought as a moral ii)What makes a particular action right or wrong? What is it about the action that determines its moral status? 111) How do we know what is right and wrong? There are a variety of strategies for answering(iii). One might hold e. g. that moral truths are revealed by god and