一、词 (一)词及其特点 语言中能够独立运用的最小的音义结合单位提示:在词的定义中,“独立运用”区分了词和语素,“最小的”区分了词和词组。 1.词在语音方面,有完整、固定的结构 2.词的意义是完整、不可分割的。 (二)词与非词结构上是一个不可分割的整体。 (1)语素的意义不太明确太稳 1.词与语素的区分 (2)语素不能独立运用独立成句

第五节语境 一、语境及其分类 （一)什么是语境语境就是语言环境 （二)语境的类型 1.一种是狭义的语境,指具体交际中的口语的前言后语或书面语的上下文; 2.一种是广义语境,指交际时的具体环境,还包括社会、民族、文化、时代、经济、政治、风俗习惯等。 二、语境对语义的作用 1.确定词语的具体意义。 2.帮助选择同义词,限制说话人的说话方式。 3.影响词语的感情色彩。 4.填补丰富词语意义

第四节韵律特征 一、什么叫韵律特征 语音中除音质特征之外的音高、音强和音长方面的变化,即语言运用中的抑扬顿挫的现象叫韵律特征,也叫超音质特征。 韵律特征特点 1.无论是声调、轻重音、长短音还是语调,它们自身不能独立存在,必须与音质成分同现。 2.韵律特征都是对比性特征,对韵律特征而言,重要的不是音高、音长或音强的绝对值,而是它们的相对值,他们的相对变化幅度

第一节语音概说 一、语音和语音 (一)什么是语音 语音是语言的物质外壳,是由人的发音器官发出的代表一定意义的声音。由此看出语音与其他声音的区别 1.语音是人的发音器官发出的声音。 2语音是代表一定意义的声音,它同语义紧密地联系在一起 。它有别于也是人的发音器官发出而无意义的声音,如咳 嗽、喷嚏、呼噜等

I. Racist Propositions Appiah distinguishes three importantly different ideas relevant to race and racism: Racialism: ...there are heritable characteristics, possessed by members of our species, that allow us to divide them into a small set of races, in such a way that all the members of these races share certain traits and tendencies with each other that they do not share with members of any other race. These traits and tendencies characteristic of a race constitute, on the racialist view, a sort of racial essence; and it is part of the content of racialism that the essential

The Problem of Induction Although James and Clifford disagree about the reasonableness of belief in a special class of propositions(when they constitute a genuine choice for us), they agree that in the majority of cases empirical investigation and the scientific pursuit of evidence is at least a, if not the proper way to proceed in forming beliefs. It

一、教学目的要求 二、认识词汇的构成和词义的特点; 三、掌握词义的聚合与组合; 四、词语在思想表达中的灵活运用。 第一节 词汇和词义 第二节 词义的聚合 第三节 词义的组合

Evidentialism(Clifford): \It is wrong abways, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence\ (p.113) Pragmatism(James): Faced with a genuine choice about what to believe, and where evidence does not decide the matter, we are free to decide it however we want. Oour passional nature not only lawfully may, but must, decide an option between propositions, whenever it is a genuine option that cannot by its nature be decided on intellectual grounds. (127) In the relevant cases, we are not

1. The\Wager\and the Practical Rationality Principle Practical Rationality Principle: The practically rational thing to do is the thing with the highest expected value(or utility \) Version A: Do the thing with higher expected value than all its competitors --In the case of a tie, neither action/belief is permitted Version B: Find the actions with highest expected value and perform whichever of them you like --In the case of a tie, Theism is practically rational. Just like choosing pie over cake 2. Evidentialism(Clifford)

24.00: Problems of Philosophy Prof. Sally Haslanger September 19, 2001 Evil and the Free Will Defense Review of the Problem 1)If God exists, she'd be OOG. [By hypothesis] )If an OOG being exists, there would be no evil. [from 1] 3)God exists. [Suppose]