家畜环境卫生是一门综合性的学科,涉及的范围极广,它必须以物理、化学、微生 物学、生理学、生态学、病理学、畜牧机械、畜牧系统工程等基础科学为基础;同时又与 饲养学、繁殖学、育种学、牧场经营管理学、动物医学等有密切联系

Routing Must choose routes for various origin destination pairs o/d pairs) or for various sessions Datagram routing: route chosen on a packet by packet basis Using datagram routing is an easy way to split paths Virtual circuit routing: route chosen a session by session basis Static routing: route chosen in a prearranged way based on O/D pairs Eytan Modiano

CSMA/CD and Ethernet Two way cable wsws Ws W CSMA with Collision Detection(CD)capability Nodes able to detect collisions Upon detection of a collision nodes stop transmission Reduce the amount of time wasted on collisions Protocol

根据特定的育种目标，制定出在多项育种措施 上具有不同强度的候选育种方案，通过育种成 效标准，如综合遗传进展、育种效益等，进行 综合评估，应用系统工程的方法，科学有效地 配置资源、技术、方法和措施，筛选出“最优 化”（optimization）育种方案

Used for analyzing network performance In packet networks, events are random Random packet arrivals Random packet lengths While at the physical layer we were concerned with bit-error-rate, at the network layer we care about delays How long does a packet spend waiting in buffers?

要做好市场调查这项系统工程，首 先必须搞好规划。在整体规划中，市 场调查方案的设计是一个非常重要和 必须的工作。本章主要介绍了用户市 场信息需求分析、调查课题的确定、 调查方案的内容等问题，提供了市场 调查方案的撰写方法和可行性研究方 法

Cyclic Codes a cyclic code is a linear block code where if c is a codeword, so are all cyclic shifts of c E.g., 1000, 110, 101,011 is a cyclic code Cyclic codes can be dealt with in the very same way as all other lbc s Generator and parity check matrix can be found a cyclic code can be completely described by a generator string G All codewords are multiples of the generator string In practice, cyclic codes are often used for error detection(CRc) Used for packet networks When an error is detected by the received, it requests retransmission

Modulation Representing digital signals as analog waveforms Baseband signals Signals whose frequency components are concentrated around zero Passband signals Signals whose frequency components are centered at some frequency fc away from zero Baseband signals can be converted to passband signals through modulation Multiplication by a sinusoid with frequency fc Eytan Modiano

Noise is additional\unwanted \signal that interferes with the transmitted signal Generated by electronic devices The noise is a random process Each\sample \ of n(tis a random variable Typically, the noise process is modeled as\Additive White Gaussian noise”(AWGN) White: Flat frequency spectrur Gaussian noise distribution

Channel Coding When transmitting over a noisy channel, some of the bits are received with errors Example: Binary Symmetric Channel (BSc) Pe= probability oferror Q: How can these errors be removed? A: Coding: the addition of redundant bits that help us determine what was sent with greater accuracy