第一节语音概说 一、语音和语音 (一)什么是语音 语音是语言的物质外壳,是由人的发音器官发出的代表一定意义的声音。由此看出语音与其他声音的区别 1.语音是人的发音器官发出的声音。 2语音是代表一定意义的声音,它同语义紧密地联系在一起 。它有别于也是人的发音器官发出而无意义的声音,如咳 嗽、喷嚏、呼噜等

The Problem of Induction Although James and Clifford disagree about the reasonableness of belief in a special class of propositions(when they constitute a genuine choice for us), they agree that in the majority of cases empirical investigation and the scientific pursuit of evidence is at least a, if not the proper way to proceed in forming beliefs. It

Evidentialism(Clifford): \It is wrong abways, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence\ (p.113) Pragmatism(James): Faced with a genuine choice about what to believe, and where evidence does not decide the matter, we are free to decide it however we want. Oour passional nature not only lawfully may, but must, decide an option between propositions, whenever it is a genuine option that cannot by its nature be decided on intellectual grounds. (127) In the relevant cases, we are not

1. The\Wager\and the Practical Rationality Principle Practical Rationality Principle: The practically rational thing to do is the thing with the highest expected value(or utility \) Version A: Do the thing with higher expected value than all its competitors --In the case of a tie, neither action/belief is permitted Version B: Find the actions with highest expected value and perform whichever of them you like --In the case of a tie, Theism is practically rational. Just like choosing pie over cake 2. Evidentialism(Clifford)

24.00: Problems of Philosophy Prof. Sally Haslanger September 19, 2001 Evil and the Free Will Defense Review of the Problem 1)If God exists, she'd be OOG. [By hypothesis] )If an OOG being exists, there would be no evil. [from 1] 3)God exists. [Suppose]

September 12, 2001 The Problem of Evil Last time we considered the ontological argument for the existence of God. If the argument is cogent, then we have reason to be rational theists, i.e., to maintain that there are justifying reasons for belief in God's existence. Today we're going to consider an argument for atheism which purports to show that theism is incoherent, i.e., that theism entails a contradiction. If the argument works, then the only option available to the theist would be irrational theism: belief in God's existence in spite of justifying reasons supporting

第三节文字的借用和改革 一、文字的借用二、文字的改革 文字的改革有两种: 一是在原有文字的基础上增减字或字母的数量,改变部分字或字母的写法,改变字母拼写方式以及改变文字书写的顺序方向等; 二是文字体系的更换,或者不改变原有的拼音性质,只把整套字母更换为另一套字母。前者可以称为改进,后者可以称为改革

第四节语用含义 一、语用含义的性质 (一)会话含义和语用含义! 会话是说话人和听话人在同一时空范围内共同进行的有一定 指向和意图的语用行为,具有时间同一性和空间限制性。 会话含义有两种:一般含义和特殊含义。一般含义是指从字 面意义中可以体会出来的,它不需要比较复杂的分析就能够 理解。 语用含义指的是特殊含义

语用前提又叫预设，它是推导语用含义必有的一种已知信息。 这种已知信息可能是交际双方共知的，或至少是听到话语之后 可以根据语境推断出来的信息。因此，它往往是包含在语句的 意思之中，一般无须在语句的字面上表现

第一节 语音的性质与单位 第二节 音响及语音的物理属性 第三节 发音及语音的生理属性 第四节 音位及语音的社会属性 第五节 语音的发展