随着计算机的广泛应用,特别是各企事业单位的信息管理系统的推广,都 离不开数据库的编程、开发和研制。回顾数据库系统在我国的应用历程,对大 多数的人而言是从 FoxBase开始的。20世纪80~9O年代, FoxPro是很 受欢迎的数据库管理软件(DBMS)之一,随着计算机技术的发展以及教学改革 的需要,用 Vi sua Foxpro来取代原来的数据库是必然的选择
Testing for Unit roots Consider an AR(1): y=a+p +e,t Let Ho: p=1, (assume there is a unit root) Define 0=p-1 and subtract y, from both sides to obtain Ay,=a+ B+e, Unfortunately, a simple t-test is inappropriate, since this is an I(1) process ADickey-Fuller Test uses the t-statistic, but different critical values Economics 20- Prof anderson
Simultaneity Simultaneity is a specific type of endogeneity problem in which the explanatory variable is jointly determined with the dependent variable 2 As with other types of endogeneity, IV estimation can solve the problem o Some special issues to consider with simultaneous equations modelS(SEM) Economics 20- Prof anderson
Fixed Effects estimation When there is an observed fixed effect. an alternative to first differences is fixed effects estimation Consider the average over time of y Bx1+…+Bxik+a1+l The average of a, will be ai so if you subtract the mean. a will be differenced out just as when doing first differences Economics 20- Prof anderson
Time series vs Cross sectional e Time series data has a temporal ordering unlike cross-section data Will need to alter some of our assumptions to take into account that we no longer have a random sample of individuals Instead. we have one realization of a stochastic(i.e. random) process Economics 20- Prof anderson