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◼ 认识语音的属性 ◼ 掌握人类发音的基本原理 ◼ 认识元音和辅音的区别及其特点 ◼ 掌握音位及音位组合的规则 ◼ 能划分音位 ◼ 能用国际音标标注普通话的语音 第一节 语音研究的诸方面 第二节 音响 第三节 发音
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I. Racist Propositions Appiah distinguishes three importantly different ideas relevant to race and racism: Racialism: ...there are heritable characteristics, possessed by members of our species, that allow us to divide them into a small set of races, in such a way that all the members of these races share certain traits and tendencies with each other that they do not share with members of any other race. These traits and tendencies characteristic of a race constitute, on the racialist view, a sort of racial essence; and it is part of the content of racialism that the essential
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The Problem of Induction Although James and Clifford disagree about the reasonableness of belief in a special class of propositions(when they constitute a genuine choice for us), they agree that in the majority of cases empirical investigation and the scientific pursuit of evidence is at least a, if not the proper way to proceed in forming beliefs. It
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Evidentialism(Clifford): \It is wrong abways, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence\ (p.113) Pragmatism(James): Faced with a genuine choice about what to believe, and where evidence does not decide the matter, we are free to decide it however we want. Oour passional nature not only lawfully may, but must, decide an option between propositions, whenever it is a genuine option that cannot by its nature be decided on intellectual grounds. (127) In the relevant cases, we are not
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1. The\Wager\and the Practical Rationality Principle Practical Rationality Principle: The practically rational thing to do is the thing with the highest expected value(or utility \) Version A: Do the thing with higher expected value than all its competitors --In the case of a tie, neither action/belief is permitted Version B: Find the actions with highest expected value and perform whichever of them you like --In the case of a tie, Theism is practically rational. Just like choosing pie over cake 2. Evidentialism(Clifford)
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24.00: Problems of Philosophy Prof. Sally Haslanger September 19, 2001 Evil and the Free Will Defense Review of the Problem 1)If God exists, she'd be OOG. [By hypothesis] )If an OOG being exists, there would be no evil. [from 1] 3)God exists. [Suppose]
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September 12, 2001 The Problem of Evil Last time we considered the ontological argument for the existence of God. If the argument is cogent, then we have reason to be rational theists, i.e., to maintain that there are justifying reasons for belief in God's existence. Today we're going to consider an argument for atheism which purports to show that theism is incoherent, i.e., that theism entails a contradiction. If the argument works, then the only option available to the theist would be irrational theism: belief in God's existence in spite of justifying reasons supporting
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Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Phonology Chapter 3 Morphology Chapter 4 Syntax Chapter 5 Semantics Chapter 6 Pragmatics Chapter 7 Language Change Chapter 8 Language and society Chapter 9 Language and culture Chapter 10 Language acquisition Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition
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第三节文字的借用和改革 一、文字的借用二、文字的改革 文字的改革有两种: 一是在原有文字的基础上增减字或字母的数量,改变部分字或字母的写法,改变字母拼写方式以及改变文字书写的顺序方向等; 二是文字体系的更换,或者不改变原有的拼音性质,只把整套字母更换为另一套字母。前者可以称为改进,后者可以称为改革
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第六节语音的发展变化 一、语流音变 语流中的一个音,由于受到前后音或者说话快慢、高低、强弱等因素的影响而在发音上产生某种变化,这种变化就叫语流音变。 (一)同化 语流中两个邻近的不同的音,其中一个受到另一个影响而变得跟它相同或相近,叫同化
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