We shall study other examples of additions to the double bonds of alkenes. We begin with the additions of hydrogen halides, sulfuric acid, water (in the presence of an acid catalyst), and halogens

8.1 Introduction Alkenes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon double bond. Hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes

cycloalkanes General formula CnH2n+2 for alkanes C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 Propane General formula CnH2n for cycloalkanes (环烷烃） CnH2n Cyclopropane

1. Nomencature of alcohols CH3OH Methanol (methyl alcohol) CH3CH2OH Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Except for formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, all aldehydes have a carbonyl group, C=O, bonded on one side to a carbon, and on the other side to a hydrogen. In ketones, the carbonyl group is situated between two carbon atoms

17.1 The acidity of the α-hydrogens ofcarbonyl compounds: Enolate ions

Compounds having two carbonyl groups separated by an intervening carbon are called β-dicarbonyl compunds, and these compounds are highly versatile reagents for organic synthesis

（1) Carbon’s ability to form as many as four strong bonds to other carbon atoms and to form strong bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorous. （2) Carbon can make the vast number of different molecules Required for complex living organisms

1. How to find benzene? 2. Kekule(克库勒）was the first torecognize that these early aromaticcompounds all contain a six-carbonunit

1.1 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds of carbon 1.3 The structural theory of organic chemistry