We are going to consider the forces exerted on a material. These can be external or internal. External forces come in two flavors: body forces(given per unit mass or volume) and surface forces(given per unit area). If we cut a body of material in equilibrium under a set of external forces along a plane as shown in fig. 1. and consider one side of it we draw two conclusions: 1 the equilibrium provided by the loads from the side taken out is provided by a set of forces that are distributed among the material particles adjacent to

16.21 Techniques of Structural Analysis and sig Spring 2003 Unit #1 In this course we are going to focus on energy and variational methods for structural analysis. To understand the overall approach we start by con- trasting it with the alternative vector mechanics approach

早在英国爱德华二世(1284~1327)年代,这位国王就曾想通过禁止使用煤来解决 燃煤产生的烟气污染问题。他曾颁布了一道法令:“无论是谁被发现燃烧煤,他就是 有罪的,都将受到杀头的惩罚”。由此可见,大气污染自古有之。如同其它污染控制 样,大气污染控制技术和工程、设备也是在大气污染到了一定的程度、顺应时代需 要的产物:控制技术的研究与工程应用的主要推动原因是严重的大气污染事件的刺 美国的 Donora是一座钢铁小城,在1948年仅有3家主要工厂:钢铁厂、电线厂 和锌板厂

案例1 1990年,阿根廷某公司应中国某公司的请求,报出镁矿石初级产品200公吨,每公吨2 150美元,即期装运的实盘。但中方接到阿方报盘,未作还盘,而是一再请求阿方增加数量, 降低价格,并延长有效期,阿方公司将数量增到350公吨,每公吨价格为CIF上海价2100 美元,有效期经三次延长,最后延长至9月25日,中方公司于9月20日来电表示接受该盘。 阿方接到该电报时,得知国际市场镁矿石价格上扬,因此决定拒绝成交,于是向中方发 电,称:“由于国际市场镁矿石价格发生变化,货物已于接到你方电报时售出。”而中方对 此拒绝接受,认为中方是在发盘有效期内接受了阿方发盘,坚持要求按发盘的条件执行合同, 阿方如不执行合同,则要赔偿中方的损失,即差价25万美元

随着酶的工业化纪产的发展,酶已广泛地应 用于工业、农业、医药、环保及科硏等领域 酶分子修饰,酶和细胞固定化等酶工程技本的 发展,使酶的应用显示出更加广阔美好的前景 第一节酶在轻工、食品方面的应用 目的国内外最广泛使用的领域是在食品和轻 工业部门。国内外大规模工业主产的α—淀粉酶 、糖化酶、蛋白酶、葡萄糖异构酶、果胶酶、 脂肪酶、纤维素酶、葡萄糖氧化酶等大部分都 在轻工和食品方面应用

Index absorptance HT-54 cylindrical geometry see non-planar geometry absorption HT-57 adiabatic 0-5.0-9 Diesel cycle 2A-4 adiabatic efficiency see efficiency diffusivity ht-22 adiabatic flame temperature 2C-7 dissipation 1C-10 drag HT-24 Biot number HT-30, HT-36 black body HT-56, HT-63 see also

2. B Power Cycles with Two-Phase Media (Vapor Power Cycles) [SB&vw-chapter 3, Chapter ll, Sections 11.1 to 11.7] In this section, we examine cycles that use two-phase media as the working fluid. These can be combined with gas turbine cycles to provide combined cycles which have higher efficiency

1. D: Interpretation of Entropy on the Microscopic Scale- The Connection between Randomness and entropy 1. D I Entropy Change in Mixing of Two ldeal gases Consider an insulated rigid container of gas separated into two halves by a heat conducting partition so the temperature of the gas in each part is the same. One side contains air, the other side another gas, say argon, both regarded as ideal gases. The mass of gas in each side is such

PaRT 1. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS l.A. Background to the second Law of Thermodynamics AW 23-31(see IAW for detailed VwB&s references); VN Chapters 2, 3, 4 1-A. I Some Properties of engineering Cycles; Work and Efficiency As motivation for the development of the second law, we examine two types of processes that

1. C Applications of the Second Law N-Chapter6;VWB&S-8.1,8.2,8.5,8.6,8.7,8.8,9.6] 1. CI Limitations on the work that Can be supplied by a heat engine The second law enables us to make powerful and general statements concerning the maximum work that can be Q1