7.1 concept learning 7.1.1 concept A concept is a category under which specific elements may be grouped.e.g. a red ball, a red pencil, and a red chair are all instances of the simple concept “red”. An “even number” is defined as any integer(整数) that is divisible by two without a remainder, and that an “odd number” is one that is not evenly(均匀地) divisible by two
Instructional objectives: What does one learn in his learning, according to Tolman? What is the opinion of Tolman aboutreinforcement and reinforcementexpectancy?
4.3.1 Burrhus FredericSkinner:1904-1990 Born in Susquehanna,Pennsylvania. Received bachelor’s degreein Hamilton College in New York, majored in Englishliterature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by RobertFrost)
3.1 What is learning? Are they instances of learning? (1) A young child takes his first steps. (2) An adolescent male feels a strong attraction to certain females. (3) A child feels anxious when he sees the doctor coming with a needle. (4) Long after learning how to multiply, a girl realizes on her own that another way to multiply by 5 is to divided by 2 and multiply by 10(e.g. 428×5 can by figured as follows:428/2=214 ×10=2140)
2.1.Whatis development? Development refers to the ways people grow,adapt, and change during their lifetimes. physical development, personality development,socioemotional development, cognitive development(thinking), and languagedevelopment
References Some journals in English: 1.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition. American Psychology Association(APA) 2.Journal of Educational Psychology,APA 3. Contemporary Educational PsychologyAPA 4. Educational Psychologist.APA