Moral development is the process by which individuals acquire a sense of right and wrong, to use in evaluating their own actions and the actions of others

Learning strategies are specific methods of learning information that help them learn and remember things. The four commonly observed trends in the development of learning strategies (1)rehearsal increases during the elementary school years. It is rare in kindergarten children but increases in frequency and effectiveness throughout the elementary school years

Definition Declarative Knowledge Steps in Learning Declarative Knowledge Designer's Role Phases of Presenting Declarative Knowledge Examples of Learner Acquisition of Declarative Knowledge

Constructivism are based on the idea that, unlike a computer disk or an empty container, students do not wait passively to be filled up with knowledge. Rather, students actively build, or construct, their own knowledge.Teachers cannot entirely control their students’ learning, expert teachers can do much to facilitate students’ own active learning processes

5.1 Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) Born in Newton,Massachusetts. Received his B.S.degree fromthe Mass.institutes of Technology inelectrochemistry in 1911

5.1 About GestaltPsychology The founder ofGestalt psychology: Max Wertheimer(1880-1943)

“If I had to reduce all educational psychology just one principle, I would say this: The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him accordingly

4.2.1 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov:Sep.14, 1849 – Feb.27, 1936 ＊Place of birth: Ryazan (Russia) ＊ Education: Studied medicine at St. Petersburg (Russia)

Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience

4.1 Thorndike’s Connectionism 4.1.1 Edward Lee Thorndike:1874-1949, American educational psychologist. 1891-1895,studied English literature in Wesleyan University. 1895-1897,studied psychology in Harvard Unviversity.(James) 1897-1898, studied in Columbia University, and got his PH.D.(Kattel) 1912, became Chairman of APA