（1）桌上只许有笔，答题纸和英文课本。（2）不许 离开自己的座位。（3）不许偷看，不许讲话 (有问题 举手）（4）老师宣布停的时候，必须放下自己的笔。 （5）老师宣布收试卷时，试卷必须快速由每排的最左 边传向右边，每排最右边的同学负责把试卷交给当堂 助教。 如果主讲老师或助教发现任何学生违反以上任何 一条规则，第一次违规者，扣除总考试成绩的15%， 第二次违规者必须重修这们课

Your answer should describe what each item is and how it functions in the cell. Diagrams, structure and sequence information could be included in your answer, as necessary. 1. Affinity chromotography 2. microRNA 3. Alternative splicing 4. Insulator 5. Riboswitch 6. Wobble concept 7. Topoisomerase

（1）桌上只有笔和答题纸。（2）不离开自己的座位。 （3）不偷看，不讲话 (有问题举手）（4）老师宣布停 的时候，必须放下自己的笔。（5）老师宣布收试卷时， 试卷必须快速由每排的最左边传向右边，每排最右边 的同学负责把试卷交给当堂助教

（1）桌上只许有笔，答题纸和英文课本。（2）不许 离开自己的座位。（3）不许偷看，不许讲话 (有问题 举手）（4）老师宣布停的时候，必须放下自己的笔。 （5）老师宣布收试卷时，试卷必须快速由每排的最左 边传向右边，每排最右边的同学负责把试卷交给当堂 助教

（1）桌上只许有笔，答题纸和英文课本。（2）不许 离开自己的座位。（3）不许偷看，不许讲话 (有问题 举手）（4）老师宣布停的时候，必须放下自己的笔。 （5）老师宣布收试卷时，试卷必须快速由每排的最左 边传向右边，每排最右边的同学负责把试卷交给当堂 助教

（1）桌上只许有笔，答题纸和英文课本。（2）不许 离开自己的座位。（3）不许偷看，不许讲话 (有问题 举手）（4）老师宣布停的时候，必须放下自己的笔。 （5）老师宣布收试卷时，试卷必须快速由每排的最左 边传向右边，每排最右边的同学负责把试卷交给当堂 助教

Companies hire researchers, license ideas, generate much useful data that aren’t always published, and fund scholarships. Famil￾iarity with the corporate mindset, structure and resources can help you obtain what you need and avoid problems you don’t want. All Companies Are the Same?

The principle of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first reported in 1971 (Kleppe et al., 1971), but it was only after the dis￾covery of the thermostable Taq DNA polymerase (Saiki et al., 1988; Lawyer et al., 1989) that this technology became easy to use

troduce different notations. Some consider “NTP” a general term for deoxynucleotides, but the absence of the letter “d” indicates a ribonucleotide to others. Commercial literature also describes ribonucleotides as “RTP’s.” If the letter “d” is present, the name describes a deoxynucleotide. If “d” is absent, check the literature

What Do You Know About Your Target? The sensitivity needs of your system are primarily determined by the abundance of your target, which can be approximated according to its origin. Plasmids, cosmids, phagemids as colony lifts or dot blots, and PCR products are usually intermediate to high-abundance targets. Genomic DNA is considered an intermediate to low-abundance target. Most prokaryotic genes are present as single copies, while genes from higher eukaryotes