第九章羧酸及其衍生物 第一节羧酸 一、结构与命名 1.结构:含官能团(COOH)的化合物为羧酸

12.1 Introduction Systems that have a p orbital on an atom adjacent to a double bond---molecules with delocalized pi￾bonds– are called conjugated unsaturated systems

15.1 Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions These reactions are of the general type shown below;

Except for formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, all aldehydes have a carbonyl group, C=O, bonded on one side to a carbon, and on the other side to a hydrogen. In ketones, the carbonyl group is situated between two carbon atoms

17.1 The acidity of the α-hydrogens ofcarbonyl compounds: Enolate ions

Compounds having two carbonyl groups separated by an intervening carbon are called β-dicarbonyl compunds, and these compounds are highly versatile reagents for organic synthesis

Carbodydrares: polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or substances that hydrolyze to yield polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Monosaccharides: simple carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller simpler carbohydrates

南京农业大学：《有机化学实验》课程教学大纲

南京农业大学：《有机化学》课程教学大纲

Lipids are compounds of biological origin that dissolve in nonopoler solvents. Lipids are defined by the physical operation that we use to isolate them