一、物质代谢的相互联系 1.糖代谢与脂肪代谢的相互关系 2.糖代谢与蛋白质代谢的关系 3.脂肪代谢与蛋白质代谢的相互关系 二代谢的调节 1.酶水平调节 2.酶在细胞内的集中存在与隔离分布(细胞水平调节) 3.激素对代谢的调节 4.神经系统对代谢的调节

动植物检验检疫是食品质量与安全专业的一门专业选修课。它是以生物学、化学保护等 为基础,融合了法律的内容。它属于国家或地区农业安全生产、国民经济发展、为保障人们 生活及生命需要服务的学科领域。学习本课程的主要任务是掌握动植物检疫病害的识别、鉴 定、和处理技术。本课程系统介绍国家颁布的出入境检疫法规,病原真菌、细菌、病毒、线 虫等检验技术,检疫病虫的特征

1. Lipids encompass a large and diverse group of organic compounds 1.1 Lipids are broadly defined as biological molecules that are soluble in organic solvents. 1.1.1 Lipids are usually extracted from biological materials by nonpolar solvents like ether, chloroform(氯仿), benzene(苯). 1.2 The biological functions of lipids are diverse. 1.2.1 Certain lipids(e.g., triacylglycerols(三脂酰甘油), commonly called fats) serve as efficient reserves for the storage of energy

1. The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are polymers of nucleotide units 1.1 DNA consists of four kinds of deoxyribonucleotide units linked together through covalent bonds 1.1.1 Each nucleotide unit is made of a nitrogenous base (the various part in the four different deoxyribonucleotides), a pentose sugar and a phosphate group

1. Hemoglobin is a multisubunit allosteric rotein that carries 02 in erythrocyte. 1.1 Hemoglobin is a well-studied and well-understood protein. 1.1.1 It was one of the first proteins to have its molecular mass accurately determined. 1.1.2 The first protein to be characterized by ultracentrifuge. 1.1.3 The first protein to be associated with a specific physiological function

1. Early studies on the peptide(protein) structure 1.1 The peptide(o=c-n-h) bond was found to be shorter than the C-N bond in a simple amine and atoms attached are coplanar. 1.1.1 This was revealed by X-ray diffraction studies of amino acids and of simple dipeptides and tripeptides

1. Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups or substances that can yield such compounds on hydrolysis(p. 293) 1.1 Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on earth and have multiple roles in all forms of life. 1.1.1 Carbohydrates serve as energy stores (e.g., starch in plants, glycogen in animals), fuels (e.g., glucose), and metabolic intermediates (e.., ATP, many coenzymes)

2.1 构建蛋白质的单体是 20 种氨基酸 2.2 一级结构：用肽键连接的氨基酸顺序 2.3 二级结构：多肽链能折叠成规则结构如 a-螺旋、b-片层、拐弯和环状结构。 2.4 三级结构：水溶性蛋白质折叠成具有疏水核的致密结构。 2.5 四级结构：数个多肽链组装成多亚基复合物结构 2.6 蛋白质的氨基酸序列决定蛋白质的三维结构

3.1 纯化蛋白质是了解蛋白质功能的第一步工作 3.2 自动 Edman 降解能测定氨基酸序列 3.3 免疫学提供了研究蛋白质的重要技术 3.4 自动固相方法能合成多肽 3.5 质谱能有效地鉴定蛋白质 3.6 x-射线晶体衍射技术和 NMR 光谱能确定蛋白质三维结构

6.1 同源物来自同一祖先 6.2 序列比对的统计分析能够检测同源性 6.3 三维结构有助于了解进化关系 6.4 基于序列信息构建进化树 6.5 现代技术能够用实验方法研究进化