人类有史以来就向往着能够自由飞行。古老的神话故事诉说着人类早年的飞行梦,而梦想的飞行方式都 是原地腾空而起,像现代直升机那样既能自由飞翔又,能悬停于空中,并且随意实现定点着陆。例如哪 阿拉伯人的飞毯,希腊神的战车,都是垂直起落飞行器

Recall the definition of stress: o stress =\intensity of internal force at a point\ Figure 3.1 Representation of cross-section of a general body

Sources of Stresses and Strains Depends on type of structure Aircraft

As we've previously noted, we may often want to describe a structure in various axis systems. This involves... Transformations (Axis, Deflection, Stress, Strain, Elasticity Tensors) e.g., loading axes material principal axis Figure 7.1 Unidirectional Composite with Fibers at an Angle

Summarizing what we've looked at in elasticity, we have: 15 equations in 15 unknowns 3 equilibrium -6 strains -6 strain-displacement -3 displacements

The logical extension of discrete mass systems is one of an infinite number of masses. In the limit, this is a continuous system. Take the generalized beam-column as a generic representation:

Return to the simplest system the single spring-mass This is a one degree-of-freedom system with the governing equation

Before we look specifically at thin-walled sections, let us consider the general case (i.e, thick-Walled) Hollow thick-walled sections Figure 12.1 Representation of a general thick-walled cross-section 中=c2 on one boundary φ=c1 on one boundary This has more than one boundary(multiply-connected do=0 on each boundary

Earlier looked at Simple Beam Theory in which one considers a beam in the x-z plane with the beam along the x-direction and the load in the z-direction Figure 14.1 Representation of Simple Beam Now look at a more general case Loading can be in any direction

For a number of cross-sections we cannot find stress functions. However, we can resort to an analogy introduced by Prandtl(1903) Consider a membrane under pressure p, Membrane\. structure whose thickness is small compared to surface